Indentured Servitude DBQ Essay

Due to the end of slavery, the demand for cheap labor in the Americas partnered with multiple peoples willing to leave their home countries to create an influx of indentured servants. These unfortunates, though seeking a better life, often ended up facing awful conditions for the duration of their contract. Document three shows the beginnings of indentured servitude, in a way. This document, a map, shows where all the indentured servants came from, with the two most prominent locations being China and India. Most of them ended up somewhere in the Caribbean, likely to raise cash crops like sugar. There is also a noticeable lack of indentured servants from European countries. This may be due to Europeans being the main ones who hired these servants, and they may not have had their fellow countrymen sign such a contract. It also may be due to racism; all the countries are either Asian or African, places where whites would be few and far between. Document four supports these ideas, with the only origin points the document notes are China, India, and Japan, with over a million indentured servants flowing into the Americas (or South Africa) in this time, most of whom came from India. Document nine shows just how many indentured servants there were. In Mauritius, just Indian indentured servants counted for seventy one percent of the population. That’s a lot. The document doesn’t even list indentured servants from other countries either. With just another nine percent of the population being in indentured servitude, there would be four servants for every truly free member of society in that area. Document six, another chart, shows how slavery and indentured servitude is related. In the early to mid-eighteen hundreds, the amount of former slaves steadily declined, as more and more indentured servants, specifically Indians, came into the country, rising from barely over a thousand in 1835 to almost eighty thousand by 1851, an eight thousand percent increase in just sixteen years. Document eight shows the life of an indentured servant. This document is written in a very â€Å"oh, woe is me† manner, the writer complaining about how terrible his life is. Then again, if I worked fifteen hour days without food breaks, I’d be pretty upset too. While he may be exaggerating to make his  plight seem more dire to the Protector of Immigrants, document seven shows that he may have a legitimate point. While this may not be the contract Ramana signed, I feel it’s safe to assume most of the contracts would be similar to this one, with Sundays off and only seven to ten hours of work on the other days. The document also specifically mentions the pay for those in servitude, with one shilling to grown men, and 2/3 of a shilling to women and minors. While I don’t know how much a shilling is worth, seeing as the servants get shelter, medicine, and three months of rations from whoever hired them, it stands to reason that they would be able to have enough coinage to be able to support themselves. Document five seems to support document eight though, with a European supervisor commanding Indian servants. This image makes indentured servitude look incredibly similar to slavery, especially due to the whip help in the supervisor’s hand. However, this treatment didn’t stop the flood of available immigrants; the same document shows over fifty newly arrived Indians, ready to start their lives in the New World. The final two documents, numbers one and two, show the British take on indentured servitude. Document one defends the idea of slavery, with the author stating that while it isn’t the best route for immigrants, it isn’t nearly as bad as slavery. He goes on to compare it to military service, basically saying that the servants are trained specifically to do their jobs. However, as a prominent British member of Britain’s colonies, it is likely that he owns or profits from indentured servants in some way. He wouldn’t speak out against it if it’s making him money. Document two is considerably more blunt, speaking of the need for foreign labor to turn a profit. The writer of this document seems to believe he’s far above indentured servants, as he talks of them as nothing more than resources, not actual people. He goes on to say how they’ll need more of servants as time goes on. The dispassionate and unattached way he speaks of the servants is profound; in fact, it’s almost as if he’s talking about how much coal one would need to keep a factory running. One missing document I would’ve liked would be from a former indentured servant, five to ten years after he was released from his contract. It would be interesting to see how they did in the New World once they were free. Another document I would’ve liked is one from one of the ship captains who transport the servants, comparing life he saw in their home countries to the lives they’d experience  in their new homes.

Managing Team Conflict

Potential sources of conflict for the team include team member’s schedules, member disagreement, lack of consideration of deadlines, lack of input, and ineffective communication. One issue to contribute to conflict is the lack of input of all team members and the failure for team members to show up and meet at the designated time agreed upon by all team members.   Since there are different knowledge and skill set levels of all the members of the team, there can be areas where these levels overlap. In addition, there can also be areas where the team is missing necessary strengths to fully assist the team in its goals.Without effective communication, team members cannot fully express skills each person currently possesses, and areas of knowledge where assistance is needed.   Communication barriers pose potential problems as well. One communication barrier that exists is failure for group members to utilize active listening. According to Hamilton (2001), â€Å"Many times whe n we are discussing a problem with others, we listen selfishly. In other words, we listen to gather ammunition for our rebuttals and to determine when we an insert our viewpoints into our conversation. Active listening requires us to listen from the speaker’s viewpoint† (312). With this in mind, it is important for all team members to utilize active listening and be open to new ideas and thinking. It is through learning from other team members that a team can increase strengths and gain additional knowledge to assist the team in its goals.One way to assist with communication is having a leader of the team. The role of the leader is essential because it helps the team maintain organization and structure. Having a leader can assist the team when decision making must be performed. In the decision making process, three leadership styles used are autocratic, democratic and laissez-fairre. Each of these leadership styles can be used by any individual within the team. Ultimate ly, the goal of the team should be to use the democratic leadership style. The democratic leadership style is the preferred method of decision making because, â€Å"two-way communication exists between leaders and followers,† (Hamilton, 319). It is this two-way communication that will assist all team members in having a say about the decision and making the decision that will best benefit all team members.Failure to utilize effective communication can lead to conflict within the group. One conflict already experienced within the group is lack of input and failure for all members to show up for designated meetings. This creates a problem since all input is needed to make effective decisions within the group. It becomes a problem for completing assignments without all input from team members and creates tension within the team since less members are available to perform all the work needed to complete the assignment. Those members who are actively working on the assignments are doing work for those members who fail to give input or report as a team.One source of conflict that is beneficial to the team is that conflict surrounding differences of opinions. Since each individual is unique and brings knowledge with him or her, having challenging opinions and views will ultimately assist the team in its knowledge and long term goals. 2. How will the team deal with a team member who will not cooperate with the team goals and objectives – for instance, the team member who is personally offensive; or, the team member who is a social loafer?Having a leader who will be in charge of the team is a way to limit the issues that arise in the team. In addition, ground rules must be established when the team is formed to minimize the risk of issues among the team. If a team member is consistently disrupting the team and not assisting the team in its goals, then action needs to be taken. If the leader of the team is unable to resolve the issue with the team member, then additional intervention may need to occur.3. Reflect once more on the experiences you’ve had within your current learning team. Describe a time when the members of your team have managed conflict by: a. Avoidance b. Competition c. Accommodation d. Collaboration e. Compromise Next, discuss which of the above conflict management methods seemed to yield the best outcomes for your learning team. Explain your rationale. Since lack of input poses to be a problem with the current learning team, avoidance is used by team members. The remaining team members who show up for meetings and actively contribute have done so in a collaborative manner in order to finish the task at hand. The six conflict management strategies can occur in all teams, but the conflict management strategy that yields the best outcome is using collaboration. Collaboration is a means of problem solving that takes all ideas and finds the best solution based upon the ideas. If all team members bring ideas to the table, the learning team can then take all ideas into consideration and determine the best solution to the conflict.4. Summarize the responses to #3 into five specific team rules about conflict management that describe how team members will respond and behave in challenging situations. Consider adopting the following phrasing: When faced with conflict, our team will manage it by†¦. A. Create a schedule that lists who is responsible for what portion and the due date for inclusion in the overall project.B. Everyone will communicate in a respectful manner.C. Take constructive criticism and compromiseD. Work cooperatively with other members of the team.E.   Participate and complete assignment on timeReferencesHamilton, Cheryl R (2001) Communicating for Results. Belmont: Wadsworth / ThomsonLearning.

Cancer

In 1936 the British created a military school in Egypt and I was among the first of its students. When I graduated from the academy I received a government post where I met Gamal Abdel Nasser who would one day rule Egypt. The pair bonded and formed a revolutionary group designed to overthrow British rule and expel the British from Egypt. Before the group could succeed the British arrested me but I escaped two years later In 1946 1 was again arrested this time after being implicated in the assassination of pro-British minister Amin Othman. Imprisoned until 1948 when he as acquitted upon release I Joined Nassers Free Officers organization and was involved in the groups armed uprising against the Egyptian monarchy in 1952. Four years later I supported Nassers rise to the presidency. I held several high offices in Nassers administration eventually becoming vice president of Egypt. Nasser died on September 28, 1970 and I became acting president winning the position for good in a nationwide vote on October 15, 1970. I immediately set about separating myself from Nasser in both domestic and foreign policies. Domestically I initiated the open-door policy known as infltah an economic program designed to attract foreign trade and investment. While the idea was progressive the move created high inflation and a large gap between the rich and poor thereby fostering unease and contributing to the food riots of January 1977. Where I really made an impact was on foreign policy as I began peace talks with which proposed that peace could come if Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula and I and Syria built a military coalition to retake the territory This action ignited the October War from which I emerged with added respect in the Arab community A few years after the Yom Kippur War I restarted my efforts to build peace in the Middle East traveling to Jerusalem in November 1977 and presenting his peace plan to the Israel parliament. Thus began a series of diplomatic effort swith I was making overtures to Israel in the face of strong Arab resistance across the region. United States President Jimmy Carter brokered the negotiations between I and Israel Prime Minister Menachem Begin and a preliminary peace agreement the Camp David Accords was agreed upon between Egypt and Israel in September 1978. For their historic efforts I and Begin were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1978 and follow through on the negotiations resulted in a finalized peace treaty between Egypt and Israel the first between Israel and an Arab country being signed on March 26, 1979. unfortunately my popularity abroad was matched by a new animosity felt toward me in Egypt and around the Arab world. Opposition to the treaty a declining Egyptian economy and my quashing of the resulting dissent led to general upheaval. on October 6, 1981.

The Ideologies Of Islam And Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ideologies Of Islam And Christianity - Essay Example Islamic law tends to be formed through careful observation and education that Islamic jurists receive through issuing fatwas through sharia. Islam claims Sharia law to be successful because of its revelation from God.Therefore, the ideal nation which embraces Islamic law will ultimately be perfect.The sharia is characterized as a discussion on the duties of Muslims.Sharia, translated as "the way" in Arabic, refers to the body of legislation that regulates a Muslim's lifestyle. These laws derive from interpretations of the Qur’an, the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, and his actions. Islam, therefore, parallels the judgments of God with those of His final messenger because the medium through which both travels is a man who God has trained to embody perfection. A prophet or a messenger is a testament to sharia since he claims the word of God that is seen through his wisdom and knowledge.Christianity works in the same venture as Islam in many elements. The Bible gives divine auth ority to the King and the council.The King usually leads his court to ultimate decision making and has divine authority as it is granted by God. Christianity is very keen in giving the Church divine power, with no separation of church and state. As a matter of fact, this realm dominated many empires for ages.What might be some of the consequences of these theologies for domestic and international politics?The consequences of these politics are that they clash against modern values that are part of society.

Female Genital Mutilation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Female Genital Mutilation - Research Paper Example The present research has identified that F. G. M is a procedure that has no health benefits on girls or woman, causes severe psychological and physiological problems and it is mostly practiced in Africa as a nonreligious, cultural ritual. Some scholars such as Elizabeth Bransfield in her case studies involving Female Genital Mutilation in Gender, Anthropology, and Religion argues that it is a religious ritual and cultural issue, while it is overlooked that the ritual has no medical reasons because the female body is adversely harmed. Psychologically, the victim of F.G.M suffers a lot of pain during the procedure which is done mostly in unhygienic conditions and without anesthetic. The removal of the clitoris to is painful due to its having a lot of nerve endings. Injury to the genital area could also scar the victim for life considering that the procedure is undertaken mostly unprofessionally, in poor lighting and at times in the bush. The thrashing, fearful and screaming victim coul d also aggravate the injuries due to the being done by personnel who are not trained in handling medical cases. Lack of medical facilities could also result in dire consequences including death in case of complications. Infection due to unhygienic procedures is a common feature due to the use of unhygienic tools, dirty herbs or untested traditional medicines. Death or very major medical complications conditions could result due to the many underlying conditions under which F.G.M is done. When the procedure involves infibulation, which involves the bidding of the legs for some time, urine and faces are retained in the wound and the damp conditions in the wound could develop into a very septic wound.

Health care and the internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care and the internet - Essay Example Health information seeking will also be helpful for people who cannot afford a regular doctor or insurance. One of the anticipated shifts is that health care will be accessible for everyone regardless of the status or income of the individual due to consumer health information seeking. Poor people will not be able to get information themselves through internet rather they will have to rely on hospitals and doctors. The exchange of information between hospitals will be more helpful for poor people as they can go to any hospitals and their health records will be available there. For middle or lower middle class people who have access to technology can make use of health information seeking by determining, on a basic level, their health problems and then treating it through a pharmacist. People who can afford health care insurance will be getting better quality of self service because of exchange of information between hospitals. Mutual databases of hospitals will increase the service time and also provide superior health care to all people whether rich or poor. This is how health information seeking will affect everyone. With the advent of internet, health information seeking has increased greatly. People can go online and get all the information they need. Doctors give suggestion on forums and everyone can read them. Simple diseases like influenza and viral flu can be treated through simple treatment. This is an emerging trend in consumer health information seeking. Physicians are however the most trusted source of health related information. People go to them asking for advice so they remain the most authoritative source of health information. An emerging trend in health information seeking is through pharmacist. They can also provide good health care information. People are also going for public health centers in order to get health related information. Health information

Developing Learning Skills and High Academic Achievements Essay

Developing Learning Skills and High Academic Achievements - Essay Example My previous pedagogical experience will ensure high academic achievement for my students. During my experience, I have learned and trained many pedagogical methods which can help me in my future pedagogical activity. For example, I have gained the ability to be a good and effective manager. It is very important for a teacher to be a good manager as he must be a real leader and a positive example for students. As a manager I will be able to organize the teaching and learning process very effectively – it will ensure high academic achievement for my students. In addition to that, I have learned to have high expectations of myself and other people. So, I will be able to be exacting and make my students fulfil appropriate tasks which will ensure their high academic achievements. I also have learned to pay appropriate attention to small things – it is also very important for effective classroom management and different kinds of teaching activities directed to high academic a chievement for students. The task-oriented teacher also can direct students to their learning achievements and improve their learning outcomes, and my previous experience has taught me to be a task-oriented person. In addition to that, my experience helped me be open to new theories and views, including new learning and teaching methods which can promote higher achievements to my students. I also became ready for different pedagogical activities outside the class as I understand that teacher profession includes many kinds of such activities, and I am aware that it also promotes high pedagogical and learning results for my pupils.

Politicians, Corruption and the Police Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politicians, Corruption and the Police - Essay Example Government official misuse their power for their personal benefits. The political corruption is an illegal act which is directly related to official duties. Each & every department of the government is effected with political corruption. These corruptions may include activities like buying-off or bribery, partiality, benefaction, splice, and fraud. Such types of activities or corruptions are different in different countries. Some activities or practice like allocation of funds for some project may be legal for one country and illegal for the other country. Allocations of big project to their relatives are also a big corruption found in government offices. By allocating the big project to their relatives the government officials got benefits. Government official have some percentage in funds allocated to the project. Although this money is treated as black money, still most of the government officials are practicing it. Here we are discussing a case related to the Member of Parliament (MP) in Australia who is involved in prostitution related activities. As we have done the case study, we came to know that the Member of Parliament is involved in prostitution related activity in a regional town in central Queensland. This area is prohibited for prostitution and the persons who are involving in the prostitution in that area are doing illegal practices. The Member of Parliament is looking for prostitutes in the prohibited area. And after providing them with the food, money, he had a safe night sleep with them. Again as per the report Member of Parliament is using his office vehicle to carry women from one place to another. Here Member of Parliament is doing two illegal operations which he should not perform. One is enhancing prostitution in the prohibited area and the use of office vehicle. Though the both types of operations are done by government official these comes under political

Design for the real world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Design for the real world - Essay Example The advent of the 21st century has turned a new leaf for the design industry. Designing a fabric or a building has become easier because of the exponential growth of information and communication technology. The evolution of technology became more convenient for the designers as the graphical software and equipments started hitting the market. The calculations for measurement are now being performed automatically reducing the overall time required for completion of an architectural process. The selection of colours can also be performed with graphical interfaces that allow the fashion designers to analyse every pixel and select the most suitable colours for the dresses. These changes are considered to be a blessing for the 21st century designers. However, with benefits also come disadvantages. The primary disadvantage is the growing competition in the industry. Most of the firms needing design requirements are hiring permanent designers for working on their projects which is in a way curving the potential creativity options for the designers. The challenges faced by the designers also include the external threats such as the sustainability of the designs against the nature. Customers are expecting a safe apartment that can withstand earthquakes or other incidents such as fire and nice clothes which won’t get spoiled if drenched in rain. These are some of the basic concerns and needs of the consumers but in order to fulfil these fundamental requirements, the cost aspect of the designing process is mounting up by fuelling the competition.

Change and Development in the English Language22 Essay

Change and Development in the English Language22 - Essay Example However, later this practice was reversed. At the end of Late West Saxon era there were again changes made to the vowels structure. Vowels were usually lengthened in open syllables (13th century), except when trisyllabic laxing would apply. Remaining unstressed vowels merged into //. (IPA transcription text of text 174-Late Saxon english , Last line last word). Similary in the S. Midland era, further changes to the vowels were made. The changes in vowels in this era is known as "Great Vowel Shift. The changes in Great Vowel Shift were that all long vowels raised or diphthongized. /a/, //, /e/ become //, /e/, /i/, respectively. (IPA Transcription text 174-S.Midland English, 1st line second word) ,//, /o/ become /o/, /u/, respectively. (IPA Transcription text 174-S.Midland English,5th line 1st word), and also /i/, /u/ become /i/ and /u/, later /ai/. Apart from changes in vowel, the other main change was Changes in Diphthong. Inherited height-harmonic diphthongs were monophthongized by the loss of the second component, with the length remaining the same. // and // became // and //. (as appeared throughtout in IPA transcription text of text 174-Late Saxon english for e-g in the first line second word second alphabet). In S. Midlands Loss of most remaining diphthongs. Like /ou/ (and former /u/, merged into /ou/ in Early Middle English) became /o/ and /ei/ became /e/ after the shift causing the long mid mergers. (as appeared in IPA transcription Text 174 S Midlands, 4th line 8 word) There were also changes made in Syllables which was first step of transition towards the development of modern English. In Late-West Saxon era, there was Middle English open syllable lengthening: Vowels were usually lengthened in open syllables (13th century), except when trisyllabic laxing would apply (as discussed in the vowels part. In S.Midlands there was a Loss of // in final syllables. How many different dialects of english and prnounciation do we hear nowadays. All these were part of development of English from Late West Saxon Era and S.Midland's era. The major pronounciation that took place in Late West Saxon era was Voiced fricatives became independent phonemes through borrowing and other sound changes and /sw/ before back vowel becomes /s/; /mb/ becomes /m/. (as in Sword and lamb became sord and lam in pronounciation). In the S.Midland era, there were some pronounciation changes as well. This era is marked by the development of some the common accents including some in Northern England, East Anglia, South Wales. Thus, the development of English has a history to tell. It has seen thousand of years of development before it has come in its modern form. It has become a common language because it is a mixture of many languages particulary German and who knows how many other languages had played their part in its development. English, at first was difficult but it was more towards the German. But as the times passed various changes like Changes in Vowels , Diaphtongs, and Syllables made it easy to read, write and speak. Thus, due to this progress, changes and development of English, we see it today as a language of common-culture and people from different parts of the World use it as their means of communication. References : Wikipedia.com

Theoretical Framework Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Framework Essay A theoretical framework is defined in this study as the structure of concepts which exists in the literature, a ready-made map for the study (Liehr Smith, 2001); it provides the structure for examining a problem and serves as a guide to examine relationships between variables (Ingelse, 1997). Theoretical frameworks are important in exploratory studies, where the researcher does not know much about what is going on, and is trying to learn more. As Borgatti (1998) suggested: There are two reasons why theoretical frameworks are important here. First, no matter how little you think you know about a topic, and how unbiased you think you are, it is impossible for a human being not to have preconceived notions, even if they are of a very general nature (Borgatti, 1998) A study of the literature reveals that there are many theories in use in the information systems field alone (Schneberger Wade, 2006). The Implementation of I. D Scanner Systems in the Students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Rosa Extension Campus shows how technological innovation to provide the students ease and better service every start of the classes. It is communicated /disseminated to students who will attend their class in the university, as what is stated in the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory. The Diffusion of Innovation Theory The Diffusion of Innovation Theory by Rogers E. M. states that an innovation diffuses or spreads through our society in a predictable pattern. A few people will adopt an innovation as soon as they hear of it, other people will take longer to try something new and still others take much longer. The people who are at the back of the PUP website are those we can consider the innovators, and the students as the adopters of the innovation in the enrollment procedures. The Diffusion Innovation Theory includes the four key steps that effectively summarize the diffusion process wherein the innovation in enrollment procedure is going through. The first step is â€Å"Knowledge†, wherein the PUP students are made aware of the new process of enrollment and registration. The next step is â€Å"Persuasion† where the diffusion process takes place mostly within the mind of the adopter. The individual weighs the advantages that the new technology would bring to him or her personally. Based upon these evaluations and discussions with others, the individual begins to learn toward either adoption or rejection of the innovation. This is where the students analyze the advantages and the disadvantages of the new process of enrollment in PUP compared to the traditional. The third step is â€Å"Decision†. The individual makes the final decision of whether to adopt or reject. The last step is â€Å"Confirmation† where the individual seeks validation.

Assessment of the Extent by which the Introduction of Euro Essay Example for Free

Assessment of the Extent by which the Introduction of Euro Essay January 1, 1999 was a memorable date for eleven European Countries as this became the official date that they have come to adopt the Euro as their official currency. All eleven countries would undergo changes in their systems especially the currencies by which they would adopt an official exchange rate that would govern their circulation. The new currency would begin circulation in their respective countries and would then accommodate the transactions that would result from international trade with their allied countries. Allied countries are the countries belonging to the European Trade Union. They are bound by the cause of establishing their economies worldwide as a major economy like the US. Little by little, the currencies mark, guilder, punt, and franc ceased to exist. It was in January of 2002 that all of the twelve countries have fully applied the transition from their native currencies to the new currency. See more: how to start an essay about yourself for college   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From its initial release, fears sprang forth from the population, especially that of the market. First would be the inflation. It occurred to the people that the conversion of their old currency versus the Euro might be affected by the factor of inflation. They feared that the inflation would also result in the weakening of their respective economies and added burden to the population. Second fear would be that the delivery of the new currencies in banks might rouse plans of robberies and would then fail the government’s plan of replacing their old currency. Another fear of the people would be the replacing of the currencies may not be accepted by their own people. The currency have long been a symbol of a countries identity and pride that it might be a futile attempt to replace it with a new currency that involves other countries and would therefore be an extinct example of national pride. Furthermore, the rate of inflation would greatly affect a country’s exchange of the old currency to the new currency. The greater the inflation would result lower amounts of Euro that a country would get. Second, for a standardization of emerging currencies would mean that banks need to be equipped with the currency in order for them to accommodate the exchange that the population would demand. In the process of transportation of the currency, there may be a possibility of occurrence a robbery by which the banks may not be able to receive the currencies needed for the exchange by the population. This would result to inflation since the central bank would have to produce more money than the actual measure of its resources that we all know contributes to the factor of inflation. And lastly, the general acceptance of the public of the currency is a very important factor since this would affect the overall trade and economy of the country. Since the currency is generally viewed as a country’s identity, it can be predicted that the country would not accept the new currency that would be a medium of exchange between its allies, losing its won country’s identity in the process. However, the results were of the opposite as each country’s people accepted the currency as they believed that the currency may be the answer to their economic problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These fears proved to be of no basis as people readily accepted the new policy for their new currency. This was somehow given a negative vibe as it looked liked their countrymen easily gave up a symbol national pride. But this was also explained thru economics. Money is still money; thus it was used as something that would provide you with needs such as food, clothing and other necessities. It became evident then that the introduced currency was preferred by the greater number.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The new currency also brought about quite a good side of the economy. Gains were scattered here and there as transaction costs have fallen. This was explained that the conversion costs were stripped by the conversion of the twelve countries monetary units. It became easier to transact with other countries with the use of the Euro. It also brought about the completion of the European Monetary Union. With this, the member countries would expect bigger gains in their growth and steady in the international market. Before the union was established, barriers remain to be visible as banks still charge higher rates in inter-territorial transactions. With this barrier, domestic transactions would be preferred by the people. With this new monetary policy, barriers have disappeared and transaction costs have been made uniform throughout the countries of its members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The framework of the union remains complete and no finance ministry of the member countries wanted to be in charge of the said framework, especially that of the finance and fiscal part. The said framework is the framework by which the European Union has agreed to be the guidelines of the system of the implementation for the new currency Euro. Before a specific change would occur that involves a country’s economy, frameworks are done to study the effects that would be associated with the change. Although this is the case, the change in the currency may be the catalyst for change in the member countries target reforms. The said framework is the framework by which the European Union has agreed to be the guidelines of the system of the implementation for the new currency Euro. Before a specific change would occur that involves a country’s economy, frameworks are done to study the effects that would be associated with the change. The target reforms are those reforms in which the countries have conceived for their countries. These reforms are in connection to the change in the currency, but are not discussed with the European Union. Since these topics are different from those of the other member countries, they do not discuss this in the meetings of the currency change since the best interest of the European Union is a major economic change in their region, and not only of specific countries. With this, the countries would begin the change in economic policies that would jumpstart economies in synchronization with the change in currency. Differences in taxation would arise as it would be under observation of each country’s finance ministry. With this, the union would want to target standardization of taxes. This would greatly help the export and import sector as the countries would then be forced to standardize the taxes and tariffs on the goods that they ship. Integration would also be achieved as the basic unit of currency for all members would be that of the Euro. The last good thing brought about by the establishment of the Euro as currency is that the member countries found a way to reform other sectors and even bring the other countries closer to them. Other sectors that do not flourish because of the exchange rate begin to be of better state when the change occurred. Furthermore, the countries that benefited from the change in currency, especially that of the countries that have the abovementioned sectors, got closer in hopes of making the other sectors that are connected to the aforementioned sectors. For example, the agriculture sector was jumpstarted, so the other countries would begin to have major ties with other member countries that have sectors that benefit from agriculture like beverage industries and the like. The result would be less taxes and tariffs in exchange for other advantageous measures for the agricultural country. This also enabled them to make new systems that would be for the benefit not only of one country but all of them. They also found out that different policies can be made as one and this paved way for the making of new policies that may be all-encompassing in their point of views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although this may be the case we should still take a closer look in the effects of the establishment of the Euro as the new monetary value for the European Union. Things that we would use in this analysis would be that of the Absorption Model: Using Absorption Model to explain the effect of devaluation on national income, employment effect, trade effect, real balance effect, income redistribution effect, money illusion effect, expectation effect,Laursen-Metzler effect, and so on; Mundell-Fleming Model and explain the graph both internal and external aspects; Analysis of the stability of foreign exchange market, and elasticity approach to balance of payment according to Marshall-Lerner Condition; and finally Foreign exchange risk (foreign currency)for importers, exporters, and investors.   Ã‚   To start of, we have to explain the different measures that we have to use. The Absorption Model or Approach makes use of the balance of payments and exchange rate as the factors or determinants in the measure of the real domestic income of a nation. This approach treats prices as the constants, making the other factors as real measures. A nation’s real income may be measured as the sum of the government’s expenditures, consumption, investments and exports.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Mundell-Fleming Model states that an increase in the money supply would lower domestic interest rates than that of the global rate. Essentially, the Euro is in effect in the export/import markets that would be in relation to the country’s overall economy because of the exchange rates that would be in effect of a country’s money supply. Net export would then increase as local goods would become cheaper than that of the imported goods. Consequently, imports would then decrease as demand would decrease, in turn, exports also increase to meet the demand of higher exports. An increase in the net exports would force the Investment/Savings towards the level of the global interest rate. This equalizer increases the income of the economy of the country. In this case, as the union moved to change its currency, the money supply increased to accommodate the public in the changing of currencies. As this adjustment takes place, the effect of the supply made a change in the export market as the demand for exports and imports changed. The increase in the net export in the end, gave the country an increase in its income.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Foreign Exchange Risk would also be taken into account as this involves the probability that an investor, exporter or importer would earn; how much they would ear, and if they would lose. This gains or losses are commonly related to the exchange rates of the two countries involved in the transaction. This also shows whether a country has a weaker currency compared to another. By this, we would be able to show if the establishment of the new currency eliminates this factors as this factors are also related to the barriers of trade between the member countries.    Meanwhile, the Lauren-Metzler effect determines the effect of savings and net exports and consequently, in the purchasing power due to a favorable terms-of-trade shock in the improvement in real income. This draws our attention to the state of the economy in exports and imports with respect to its exchange rate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Marshall-Lerner Condition explains that a devaluation in the currency leads a positive effect in the trades as it increases the demand for exports, giving the country more real income. This lays out the positive effect of the devaluation of the Euro currency at first and how it affected the economy of the member countries.    Finally, with all these factors mentioned, how did it affect the member countries generally? What are the aspects of the Euro-member countries that have improved thru the establishment of the new currency, Euro, into their respective economies?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        à ‚                                                                              We start off the analysis with the discussion of the effects. The Mundell-Fleming Model states that an increase in the money supply would lower domestic interest rates than that of the global rate. The money supply is the black line denoted in the figure above, while the red line denotes the interest rate. The movement in the money supply curve towards the right decreases the interest rate since it does not shift. The shift would occur as the interest rate moves to an equilibrium.                With the same effect in the graph of net exports and imports, the figure above agrees with the first figure on the effect of the money supply. Net export would then increase as local goods would become cheaper than that of the imported goods. Consequently, imports would then decrease as demand would decrease, in turn, exports also increase to meet the demand of higher exports. An increase in the net exports would force the Investment/Savings towards the level of the global interest rate. This equalizer increases the income of the economy of the country. In this case, as the union moved to change its currency, the money supply increased to accommodate the public in the changing of currencies. As this adjustment takes place, the effect of the supply mad a change in the export market as the demand for exports and imports changed. The increase in the net export in the end, gave the country an increase in its income.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meanwhile, the change in government expenditure caused an increase in the local interest rate that caused the currency to be stronger than other foreign currencies. This may be the effect that happened to the member countries as they have decreased the foreign currencies (member countries having the same currency) and by this strengthened their currencies against the US dollar. This however, increases the net import and net export decreases. The increase would also trigger the global interest to equalize with the local interest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the side of the global interest rate, however, since the net export increased, this prompted a slight weakening of the Euro but also increased exports, making the Euro available to the world market. An increase of the net export would weaken the Euro since the exchange rate would then be fixed with other countries. This would be comparable to making domestic shipments that would neither benefit nor harm a country’s economy. At the same time, since the Euro has become their medium of exchange then the currency would be available to the market as this would be exchanged in the world market. Availability of the currency would ensure circulation in the world market, employing the stabilization of the currency in the world market. As the Euro weakened, exports flowed out of the country and this in effect increased the net income of the member countries. However, as the local interest rate closed in on the global interest rate. The global interest rate affects the currencies indirectly by affecting a country’s income through the import/export market. The Euro seemed to strengthen and this somehow stabilized the new currency. Elasticities are the rate of reaction by which a good undergoes whenever a change in demand occurs. The next model would explain the effect of the Euro in the demand and the reaction of the goods with the new currency available. In the Elasticities Approach, the Euro countries were forced to make the demand and supplies elastic in order for them to have a smaller depreciation in their current accounts deficit. By doing this, they begin to slowly, recover the current accounts deficit and eventually overcome it. With this situation, elasticities would then be slowly changed. As the global interest rates’ effects as shown by the previous models, the effect of it in the real income made the change in the elasticities possible. Thus:                               The effects on the savings of the real income and savings of each country may be further explained by now. Since the increase in savings and net exports was explained through the change in the level of the global interest rates, the improvement in real income is then realized through the increase in the purchasing power of exports. This then proved to be of positive effects on the member countries as this somehow, improved the real income in the economies of the member countries. Lauren-Metzler Model in simple representation. The Lauren-Metzler Model can be further explained by the rate of change not only in export-import industry but also that of the effect of these changes in the exchange rates. As the exchange rates between member companies remain constant because of the uniformality of their currency what would transpire is the difference in the currency between the member-countries and its export-import industry and the exchange rate. Since an increase in the export can be viewed as an indication of a weaker currency, this also indicates that the real income of the country experiencing the export growth is on the rise. This would eventually be accompanied by the strengthening of its currency as the end product. At the same time, the demand of the member-countries import market tends to be on the lower level as their currency seemed to be of the weaker quality. The positive effect on this however is that this picture encouraged the internal flow of the currency until the supply of imports and demand equalizes in equilibrium. When the time approached however, the Euro appeared to be of better quality with respect to the change in its real income and the real income of other countries that are members of the European Union. With these factors in mind, we shift our sights into what happened in the exchange rates. The Exchange rates of the Euro seemed to be on the decrease at first because of the lower currency as compared to others but eventually proved that it would only be momentary as the real income boosted the exchange rate, eventually ending up higher than the US dollar at a certain time. This, together with the positive effects on the import-export market made much difference, not only to the emerging currency but also to the emerging union’s countries’ economies. The emerging union’s countries are the countries that are members of the European Trade Union that has the highest upward boost of the economies. Since not all of the countries had a very high boost, the most significant boosts came from these countries. Significance would differ from each perspective. In more simple terms, the effect of the lower currency (Euro was weak at first) was the improvement of the export market. But since the income effect boosted the currency as it is also a factor of the economy of a country, then combining it with the positive effects of the Euro’s strengthening, the countries that use Euro become boosted and improve their Economies. And since the Economy of the countries rose at an improved rate, the currency got boosted in the same way that the economies of member countries raised.   Ã‚   With the price on the y-axis and the x-axis denoting that of the quantity, the fall of the currency at first with respect to the rise in the export rate, implied a shift in the curve of the currency (red curve) to the right, denoting that in the long run, an export rate rise would result to a strong currency. The fall of the currency at first would be only due to the exchange rate and floatation costs.   Ã‚   In the Absorption Approach, the balance of payments and exchange rates is examined to the effects of it in the measure of the real income of a nation. The Absorption Approach is significant since this measures the balance of payments and exchange rates and how these affect the real income of a country. The two factors considered are said to be the considering factors in the since the effects considered are those that are in relationship to the income and economy. If the real income improves faster than that of the absorption, then the currency would rise. This may be the effect as the Euro strengthened in the first quarter of 2002, giving their value higher than the stable US dollar. The effects of the devaluation of the currency on national income seemed to be on the positive side as this increased their net exports, therefore giving them an improved real income for the economy. The employment then rose as an effect of the economy’s improvement of real income. This was enabled as the countries to attract more investors, creating job opportunities for their people. The overall employment effect on the member countries followed to a positive tune. Real balance increased as it accompanies the effect of real income. An increase in real income increases the real balance of the economy. This is essential to the analysis because this enables us to see the investing potential and the financial capability by which the country could bear itself.(Flood, 2006) The specific question to be asked: how does the country fare with its neighboring countries’ economies in their real balances? This is very important as this may measure the stability of the country especially in the eyes of potential investors that may think of putting up businesses and other ventures in the European Countries. Basic supply and demand in the Trade Effect  Basic y-axis of price and x-axis denoted by quantity, the shift in the supply curve was due to the invisible hand of the law of supply and demand. Trade effect also became evident as the laws of supply and demand are constantly in the work. The increase in the quantity demanded ensured the right path of the trade effect to the plans of the European Union. This enabled them to exercise the free-trade among its co-members. This also enforced the Euro consequently as it continued to circulate non-stop among the member countries. This also ensured that not only is the market gaining in stocks, it also ensured a strong currency that may be strengthening in the future.   Ã‚   The money illusion decreased as the negative views in unemployment and inflation subside. The unemployment rates subside creating a hole in which they could throw the unemployment problem and bury it there. The inflation was treated the same way as neighboring countries would also experience the same way as they also have the same currency as the country they have. The money illusion is essential in explaining the other rise in the economy including the abovementioned factor of unemployment and inflation. To reinforce this, the money illusion would have to decrease as this affects the unemployment by reinforcement. A decrease would also mean that the unemployment rate is decreasing, which is a measure of a country’s economy. The unity of the currency forged the singleness of mind that was needed to erase the doubts governed by the unemployment and inflation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The expectation effect of these occurrences may result to the expectance of more Nash equilibriums, where everyone would be on a stable state. The Nash equilibrium employed in this part deals with the output and expenditure ratio. The more that a government puts input should generate a proportional output; in this case, income. As the reliance of the people on the currency grows and their reliance towards the stability of the currency, they would come to terms that they have indeed been placed in good fortunes. This would lead to the stability of the minds of employees, and in turn to the investor that made the investment or business.   The stability of minds would be the likelihood that an employee would remain in the job rather than find their jobs elsewhere. This occurs when the currency of a country remains weak despite the efforts of the workforce to bring it on a development. With these effects in hand, it became evident that the emergence of the Euro has been a good sign for the economy and even looked better in the eyes of the common people as they have been provided work and salary, and even the pride of having their currency among the top as one of the most stable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Marshall-Lerner Condition further enforced that the decrease in the value of the Euro at first improved the real income of each member. The effect of the devaluation increased their exports, raking in income more then before. As a currency gets weak, demands of good from the country with the weak currency increases. The goods react spontaneously, or elasticly. The rise in demand raises the price of its goods and with this; the rise in income is justified. The chain effect would be the strengthening of a nation’s economy, ending up with currency stability. After which, as the currency begins to regain the strength, the exports would decrease as importers from other countries realize that the price of goods increased, decreasing their profits. However, the export industry of the host country is unharmed as other European member nations see this as an opportunity to increase their imports from the country with the same currency as them, increasing demands for export from the country in question. With this, the export and import market stabilized. This effect not only increased the income of the exporters, but the economy as well. The short-run effect of the condition is further shown as the currency approached its strengthening thru the increase of real income, the export then decreased. Furthermore, the law of demand states that, a decrease in the price of a commodity, then an increase in demand would be evident; an increase in price however would put the demand down until equilibrium happens. In this case, the price of exports decreases, paving way for the increase in the exports and consequent rise in the country’s income. This would also be affected by the consequent taking place of the equilibrium that would happen as the supply would be able to meet the demand, giving the market an equilibrium quantity.   As there were shifts in the part of the supply (black) and demand (red) curves, the equilibrium price of commodities would also make a change. The price line is the broken lines with the color blue. Taking in mind that the y-axis would be the price and the x-axis is the quantity, the decrease in demand, coupled with the increase in supply, not only decreased price but also made the equilibrium quantity lower than before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the places that the change showed great effects would be that of the financial markets, the bonds/stock market being the main targets. Main issues have risen that the European stock and bonds are very much volatile. This proved that the policy makers of the European Union have set their eyes in the processes towards the financial integration of its members. This started off with the introduction of the new currency. The release of the new currency was seen as one of the initiatives made by the Union to integrate the financial aspects of each. It looked like a very good move on their part as real income of the member countries went on a rise during the initial stages of the developments. The effect of the large demand for the stocks and bonds from the European Union and its sudden drop is something out of the ordinary for other countries. It seemed like they failed to account for the strength of the member countries and their foresight on financial market as they were surprised with the sudden rise in this new commodity. We therefore have to take an even closer look at the effects at the financial markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the emergence of the Euro, aggregate European Bonds, mainly caused by own bond market effects and that of the aggregate effects of European Bonds, made significant effects on the conditional variances, as this reflects unexpected returns. In addition to that, US bond and stock markets represents a fairly large space in the market. However, after the Euro was made to be a reality, the US markets only became second-runners after that of the European Union.(McCreevy, 2006) This also caused a decrease in the effect of their own bond markets and it’s not just a decrease but a dramatic decrease in their part.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also before the Euro emergence, a significant volatility spillover is present in the US bond markets. But after the Euro emerged, it seemed like a dream come true for the European countries as the spillover have changed. Not only was the European Bond become in demand in the market but it also proved to be of commanding force in the Stock Market. After the emergence of the As mentioned earlier, the US was just second then to the European Bonds and Stocks. This happened in 2003.(2004) In the introduction of European Bonds and Securities in 1999, it has successfully grown from 9% to 14% shares. Also in 2003, Euro’s currency in international bank notes has overtaken US’s 40.5 and emerged with a 43.5.( as a percentage of outstanding volume totaling to 100) This was further reinforced by the fact that before the emergence of the Union’s own stocks, the US commands the market. However, that all changed with the appearance of the European Bonds, giving the US market someone to contend with in terms of leadership in the market.   Ã‚   The financial market offered many effects in various submarkets. The capital market, for one, tries to keep the inflation in check this past days.(Dennis, 2006) It seems that the first effects were very good that they didn’t seem to think the effect on their capital market would be these troublesome. On the other hand, the equities market is also suffering as the inflation kicks in on their prices. It seemed they cannot cope with the inflation that continues to rise. However, in the place of Currencies, the Eurozone countries may be in a winning mood as they continue to outpace the US by their good growth.(Atkins, 2006) The bonds market is also sharing some suffering although not that evident. What the bonds market shows ,however, is a positive outlook in the future as it slowly goes for a good turn. The commodities market is also suffering a loss as they import more oil. This is not a very good sign for the Euro as oil is a very important commodity. However, this is just as normal as everyone else, says analysts.(Chisholm, 2006)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The overall effects of these economic theories have been equally represented and analyzed, what then remained is the effect in the foreign exchange market. The foreign exchange found that the weak-at-first currency strengthened as the economic forces turned into their works. The Euro eventually found its way to the top and eventually became one of the top currencies in the foreign exchange. The Euro is now currently viewed as one of the â€Å"high† currencies and is even viewed in the market as one of the stable s, aligning itself to the dollar and yen. Market analysts view the currency as one of the top as it tends to appreciate more than devaluate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The GDP and the GNP of the Euro countries are suffering on a low this 2006 and it was issued as a great challenge for the European Union to make policies that may prevent this.(Flood, 2006) This was stressed out earlier in the elasticities effect and the absorption approach. This may be overcome in many ways possible but it would be for the policymakers to do. The PPP and the PFI was sought for improvement of the economy and as of the plans in 2002(2002), few were impressed by the effect of the Euro on these. However, as 2006 draws to a close in December, it would be wise for the policymakers to rethink their strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The sudden emergence of the new currency, Euro, was such a surprise that the market adjusted drastically. This proved to be of good sign for the members of the European Union as this eventually lead to the leadership of the stock markets and bond markets abroad. This also lead to the development of their own countries as far as the union is concerned. More businesses have been established, more investors expressing interest in putting up enterprises in the European Union’s member countries, perspective buyers in the financial markets looking for more of bonds and stock belonging to the Union, and even the population of the European Union expressing relief that after the Great Depression, there appeared a silver lining that would express hope for their economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, the effect on the financial market is good as it removed the exchange rate risk involved in the international trade. Exchange rate risk was great before since the countries of the union have different currencies. However, with the emergence of the Euro, investors can now remove the exchange rate risk in their concerns since this is not present anymore. Countries of the Union can now trade with each other without having to think of the floatation risks that involve the exchange rate risk. The removal of this factor was about the same time that the changeover was made in 2002. (2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚   The smart move of the European union may be brought about by the good planning of the financial ministries that governed them. The taking advantage of the lower currency at first to increase their real income, the lowering of its local interest seemed to be a well-planned way to be at par with a superpower such as the US. Now that they have the upperhand in the stock and bonds market, economists wonder on what else is next on the agenda of the European Union, now that they have proven to the world that their combined currency would mobilize and command stability in their areas. This also seemed a good bragging right to their decision making skills as more of the European Countries seek membership to the Union. With this in their worksheets, they can again make another policy that would again prove to be of great importance to the history of World Economics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The replacement of the currencies by the Euro may have been a smart move after all. It didn’t look that bad and it never looked like throwing out of national sympathies eventually. But thus, it looked like a well-orchestrated plan of the European Union to gain access to the top echelons of the world market. Now that they have gained access, it seemed like there would be no stopping the union in toppling the US as an economic superpower and industrial zone. Now that the other members are continuing their development, and not just by the numbers, but on exponential terms, there might be bright things to look forward to in the years to come. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Antweiler, W. 2001. 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World Leaders And Their Leadership Styles History Essay

World Leaders And Their Leadership Styles History Essay Adolf Hitler is recognized worldwide for his leadership in the Nazi Party and also as the chancellor of Germany during the early period of 1930s. His leadership style was autocratic leadership as he believed in acting like a dictator and focused on making decisions on his own. He never trusted his generals and felt no need of having two-way communication as he wanted to have complete legitimate power in everything. Hitler believed that the ultimate authority resides with him and it should never be extended downward. He made decisions that were supportive in enhancing his legitimate power. Any mistake made by the followers was unacceptable and punishments were given for wrong doings (Megargee, 14). Since Hitler was reluctant to take advice from anyone and made all decisions on his own, his followers did not like this attitude and started developing ill-feelings towards him. From the analysis of Adolf Hitlers leadership style, the leaders of the todays world have realized that they cannot be a dictator and cannot get the work done by forcing their followers (Popper, 64). The modern leaders and managers in organizations have ensured that they implement collaborative methods so that the followers and subordinates are part of the team and the joint efforts will ultimately produce positive results. The leaders who have adopted this style of leadership have faced strong resistance from their followers and even received less support from them in accomplishing the ideal objectives. Mahatma Gandhi is among the favorite personality of most of the leaders worldwide and majority of them want to follow the leadership style followed by such an inspirational man (Barnabas and Paul, 135). Mahatma Gandhi had a servant style of leadership which is described as the style in which a leader takes care of his followers even before they start taking care of themselves on their own. This inspirational leader emphasized that the struggle should be done in non-violent manners without using any harmful weapons; the leader had to face severe problems such as beating by the British police and getting locked up in the prison when he started fighting with British for independence of India. Gandhi had a clear vision about the independence of Hindus and was able to communicate this vision effectively to dispersed people by using simple and inspiring language. One aspect that was stressed by the leader was never to accept defeat and keep on striving hard because success will eventually; the moral is that people should never lose hope and continue the efforts until the goal is attained (Nojeim, 30). His personality is a source of inspiration for the leaders and managers of todays world that no matter how challenging the situation gets it is important to boost the morale of oneself and the followers. As a leader, the person should motivate his/her subordinates until the victory is gained in the particular mission. Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln had the desire of serving his country so that he could bring revolutionary changes that will be beneficial for its people in the long-run. Abraham Lincoln had a servant leadership style; one of the vital components of this form of leadership is the importance of ethical values i.e. working for the benefits of the people and this aspect was evident in the leadership style of Lincoln (Hubbard, 21). The servant leader wants to lead the people because he/she has internal desire of serving the people; the person does not need any legitimate power to bring the changes. Abraham Lincoln focused on the sustainability element which meant producing a lasting change that will finally lead to the transformation of others. The leader was provided the opportunity of demonstrating his leadership traits during the American Civil War; he had two lasting impacts on the world i.e. freeing the slaves and preservation of the Union (Polelle, 40). During his Presidency, Lincoln followed a prudent and careful leadership to bring about mandatory reforms in the United States of America. The leader also set the example of the paramount democracy in the world and even extended the liberty opportunity to every American. In present times, Americans have been given the full liberty of expressing their feelings and fighting for their rights and it has revolutionized the way in which democracy should be implemented by the leaders so that projected results are successfully accomplished. Even in organizations, the work culture has been changed i.e. employees are motivated to share their ideas and claim their rights as the organization is compelled to fulfill all the requirements of its workforce. Alexander the Great At the age of twenty, Alexander became the king and in eleven years of his journey he fought more that seventy battles and never lost any one of them. The leadership style of Alexander the Great is visionary leadership as he shared the vision with his people to motivate them to inspire them in achieving the well-set goals (Polelle, 23). From the analysis of the leadership traits of Alexander the Great, it is evident that he had set certain set of principles to inspire his followers such as show people that they are considered to be valuable and are given importance in every decision by seeking their opinions, lead by example so that people are inspired to follow the leader, innovation should be encouraged so that something new can be done and every action should be taken after creating a vision so that there is clarity about the goal that will be achieved (Cartledge, 14). In todays world, the leaders have realized that they need to first follow what they tell their followers so that the leaders can gain their trust. When any decision is made, it should be done on a consensus manner so that everyone agrees to it and they can see the big picture clearly. A visionary leader communicates to his followers the effectiveness of the entire process and their importance in this process so that their production level gets accelerated. Julius Ceasar Julius Ceasar was an exceptional general and one of the important leaders in ancient Rome. In his life, he held almost every vital title in the Roman Republic such as tribune of the Roman people, consul, well-known priest and high positioned commander of the army (Freeman, 32). He dared to introduce new laws that were easily approved by the Senate and he is recognized globally for improving the ways in which the provinces were governed and he even developed his own army. After conquering the Rome, he became the master and started ruling the place like a dictator. Caesar used his power for carrying out the needed reforms, relieving huge amount of debt, revised the calendar and enlarged the Senate. He was assassinated by his enemies in 44 B.C. (Popper, 70). It shows that a dictator has less chances of gaining appreciation by the followers as all other leaders who have followed the dictatorship style of leadership have never been able to get the support of their people and have faced unfortunate deaths in the form of assassination. Hence, the dictatorship leadership is not acceptable by people as the leaders tend to focus on their own benefits rather than on the followers needs. Napolean Napolean was among the best conquerors of the world and his efforts are recognized globally. During the French Revolution period, the leader took various important decisions that proved to be harmful for his followers (Blaufarb, 42). Although the positive aspects of his personality were that he had a clear vision about his goal, had the ability of motivating the people to achieve the desired goals and ensured that he took proper care of his people. However, his followers believed that the leader made decisions that were beneficial for himself and cared less for them. Napolean has received a lot of criticism for being a dictator as many wrong decisions were taken by him that severely impacted the lives of people. Since he was an ambitious person, he started making decisions without taking consent of his followers and started giving commands to his army (Polelle, 62). When he got carried away in the lust of power, he had to face defeat by the Russian Army on his way back to Austria; it shows that the dictators or autocratic style of leadership is among the least preferred styles of the leader. When a leader becomes a dictator, his/her relationship with the followers starts to get deteriorated and eventually it breaks. Napoleon is still considered to be the best conqueror in the world as he had the highly exceptional intellectual capabilities. Genghis Khan Genghis Khan was among the noteworthy leaders of Mongolia who conquered most of the Asian and European areas; his style of leadership is classified as a combination of autocratic leadership and participative leadership. Genghis Khan was considered a dictator because whenever he conquered any of the regions he would give only two options i.e. either surrender or get killed. However, when working with his army, he used to take their opinion and share his ideas with them so that they can develop a strategy for the implementation of the plan successfully (Ratchnevsky, 26). Genghis Khan moved to the loyalty to himself and he even started to deal with his adversaries in an inappropriate manner. Anyone who opposed to his conquest and power had to suffer from an extreme blow. Since Genghis Khan started treating people in a brutal way, he was assassinated later by his enemies (Man, 51). It has become important for todays leaders to realize that they can be successful only when they have cordial relations with their followers and they try to incorporate their demands so that a healthy relationship is created which will last for a long period. The autocratic leaders will face strong resistance from their followers so it is advisable to use it to minimal extent to ensure control within the organization or legal body but it should not be followed excessively as it will create problems such as retaliation from subordinates in the long-run. George Washington George Washington had a servant leadership style as he had the vision of revolutionizing everything in US during his presidency. He knew that he can motivate the people only by developing an inspirational personality and he did extensive efforts for creating the desired image. He even motivated his people to provide him support in attainment of the goals so that the set vision can be accomplished (Northouse, 72). The main characteristics of his personality as a leader were that he was willing to accept any challenge and face it; he was persistent in achieving the set targets; and was brave enough to handle all the issues and provided help to his people in resolving them. Since he had no lust for power and wanted to work for the benefits of his people, he always ensured that the decisions made by him were in accordance with the requirements of the country. As he was a trustworthy president, people started showing their loyalty to him and provided their complete assistance so that they could successfully implement any necessary change in the country effectively (Bongilla, 35). The leaders who want to gain the support of their followers have to develop their personality that has certain key traits such as confidence, integrity, courage, self-discipline and clear vision. George Washington is the best example for all those leaders who want to do something beneficial for the country and get the support of its people. Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt is recognized for helping U.S. to get out of the Great Depression period in 1930s by helping the people in rebuilding their self-confidence. His leadership style is a combination of charismatic leadership and transformational leadership as he inspired the people to get back on their feet and initiate the activities to help the country get out of the dark times. Roosevelt provided his people various avenues to do a lot of creative thinking but with a focused approach; he first set out the vision so that everyone was aware of the final goal that has to be attained (Greenstein, 45). The best lesson learnt from the leadership of Franklin D. Roosevelt is that fear is something that needs to be conquered and there is nothing to fear about. The leaders can take inspiration from such an extraordinary leader who taught people how to maintain their focus on specific vision and face the challenges with courage and bravery. It is mandatory for every leader to accept the challenge of life and work and be prepared to handle them with confidence and will power to counter the challenge. Since the changes happen at a fast pace these days, the leaders have to remain alert all the time for the problems that can arise and they should react to them in a calm and an organized way. Winston Churchill Winston Churchill leadership style is classified as transformational and charismatic leadership; he was among those leaders who always kept the people motivated by delivering inspirational speeches. During the World War II, Winston Churchill provided immense support and guidance to the Great Britain by developing strength and courage among the people (Nordquist, 2). As a leader, he focused on three important aspects for developing a charismatic personality that comprised of elements such as excellent communication skills, creating a vision so that everyone is able to keep a focus on single goal and developing trust so that people are willing to provide their support to the leaders. From the leadership style of Winston Churchill, it is evident that the leaders have to develop a charismatic leadership by strengthening the bond with their followers so that everyone is part of the team (Axelord, 34). When the entire team shares a common vision, only then conflicts, problems and issues can be resolved. As most of the organizations have to undergo changes, they will face resistance from the people; communication is the key to resolving this issue by sharing with them the purpose of the change along with showing them the vision. Hence, excellent communication and well-designed vision can inspire people to work hard and support their leaders in achieving the desired goals. Conclusion The world leaders have demonstrated different leaderships and they have been successful in accomplishing various challenging tasks. Regardless of the dictatorship style, some of the common features that are important for the leaders and organization in todays world are creating a vision so that everyone has an idea about the goal that will be achieved in the long-run, motivating people to make valuable contributions and developing excellent communication skills so that a clear, concise and right message can be communicated to everyone. Therefore, the leaders and managers have to realize that they can achieve their objectives by getting support from their followers and subordinates and showing them appreciation for making valuable additions by offering them excellent rewards. The leaders have to develop a charismatic personality so that they can inspire their followers and should lead by example so that positive results can be attained.

Morals and values learnt in Under a Ramshackle Rainbow Essay -- Engli

Morals and values learnt in Under a Ramshackle Rainbow " Under a Ramshackle Rainbow", is a very deep poem in which the poet uses dark and morbid images and symbols to get across morals and values to the reader. The underlining theme of the poem is how one should treat their surroundings and what the consequences to their actions will be. From the immediate start of the poem, a creepy and eery atmosphere is created by casting a dark image in the reader's mind. ' A dead tree. On a rotten branch sit two wingless birds.' The words 'dead' and 'rotten' show the sincerity of the issue. The mentioning of two wingless birds is very significant as they portray the poet's first message to the reader. The wingless birds basically defy their objective in life. Birds need wings to fly and without wings not only do they not have their freedom, but they have no means of survival; they cannot avoid predators or catch prey. Therefore death is inevitable. After only reading the first two lines the reader may feel confused to why the birds are wingless and why their habit is in such an unusual state. The ending to the first stanza clarify the confusion. ' Among leaves on the ground a man is searching for his hands. It is fall. By this, the poet is explaining the cause of the dead tree and the wingless birds. When saying that the man is ' searching for his hands', it is made clear that the search is a pointless exercise as the reader is told that it is fall and therefore the pile of leaves would be extremely deep. Although the man still has his site, he does not have his hands which are essentially needed to search through the leaves. The poet uses this description as it is symbolizes man searching ... ...re successfully receiving compensation for man's behaviour is secured by the last line of the poem. ' The ants gather on the shore. ' It is as though the ants represent nature and are the audience that witness the death of the man. After reading " Under the Ramshackle Rainbow" the reader understands perfectly, the aim of the poem. The aim of the poem is to get across a message that one should respect their surroundings and instead of neglect or abuse them, giving back to them what you take. If one should act in greed and only take from nature, they will have to suffer the consequences. The aim of the poem is put forward effectively by using methods such as patheticfallacy, irony and dramatic twists. The poet also uses enjambement to give the poem a more distorted rhyme and structural appearance that emphasises the destruction and ruin of the poem.

Assyrian Art Essay -- essays research papers

Assyrian Art The reliefs from the palace of King Assurnasirpal II at Nimrud play an important role in portraying the power and importance of the Assyrian king. These reliefs are similar to other Assyrian reliefs in terms of their purpose; however, there is a contrast in the methods used to glorify the king. By examining such factors as style, iconography and historical significance, we find many similarities and differences between the "ceremonial" reliefs and the more common reliefs depicting war and hunting. The reliefs belonging to the sacred or"ceremonial" category consist of panels depicting a sacred tree, a human headed genius fertilizing a sacred tree, a griffin fertilizing a sacred tree, and a scene of King Assurnasirpal (whose name comes from the god "Assur") followed by a winged genius. Dating to about 870 B.C., these reliefs were originally located in the antechamber to the royal throne hall and in the living room where it would have been viewed by distinguished guests. Because of their location and larger than life size, the reliefs "...instill in the beholder a sense of awe and reverence for the king...." (Art History Anthology 28). Moreover, the reliefs overwhelm the viewer by depicting the king's power and god-like divinity through propagandistic iconography and stylization. To portray the king's god-like divinity, the reliefs represent the deities and Assurnasirpal in a similar manner. First of all, hierarchic scale is almost absent since all the figures are closely related in size, with Assurnasirpal being only slightly shorter than the deities. In historical context, this shows that Assyrian kings were closely associated with deities, but were not considered gods themselves. This lack of hierarchic scale is also seen in the Lion Hunt of Assurbanipal, where king Assurbanipal is shown slightly larger than his servants. Secondly, the deities and Assurnasirpal are similar in stance and stylization. All the figures have their head and legs shown in profile, while the torso is shown halfway frontal. In addition, the figures maintain a stiff vertical stance with their arms extended in either straight lines or are stiffly bent into a ninety-degree angle. In the third panel, both a winged deity and Assurnasirpal are depicted facing towards the right with their left feet forward; however, in contrast, the human headed genius and the griffin ... ...a symmetrical manner with intertwining branches, stylized leaves, and a fan of leaves above the trunk. The winged geniuses are fertilizing the sacred tree with a date blossom in their right hand and holding a sacred bucket in their left. In addition, panel three shows a winged deity following Assurnasirpal with his right hand raised over the king "in a gesture of benediction and divine protection" (Art History Anthology 28). By placing these reliefs in his antechamber and living room, Assurnasirpal "emphasizes the sacred character of the Assyrian king, elected by the gods, although not himself of divine substance" (Frankfort 87). In conclusion, we find that the reliefs from the palace of King Assurnasirpal II play an important role in exhibiting the power and importance of the king. While an Assyrian king's power can be depicted is a war-like manner by his military might, we learn that"ceremonial" reliefs are also effective by placing the king in relation to gods. The power and importance of the king is shown through a peaceful manner that highly contrasts the scenes of death and fighting found in such reliefs as the lion hunt of Assurbanipal and the battle scene of Assurnasirpal.

Scientific Knowledge - Whos Responsible for its Use? Essay -- Argumen

Scientific Knowledge - Who's Responsible for its Use? Society has become very dependent upon the technological advances of science. As a result, our expectations of scientists to continue to make our world better are extensive. Unfortunately, not all scientific discoveries and technological advances have resulted in improvements. In fact, environmental problems, such as air pollution and toxic waste, have resulted from the technological advances we use daily. Blaming the scientists who create the methods, concepts, and procedures that lead to negative circumstances is easy to do and done quite often. But should the scientists be the owners of this blame? How is this fair when their initial intentions for research were to improve, yet the findings and application result in harm? The problems of the general public, supposedly invoked by the scientists, lie in the hands of society. The miscommunications of the media, ignorance, and neglect for the environment, contribute to the misapplication of scientific information. Lewis Thomas, a graduate of Harvard Medical School, defends the motive of scientists to pursue their research. Very often, scientists are charged with hubris, the "overreaching pride that leads humans to start 'doing things reserved for the gods' " (Thomas, 236). Techniques, such as recombinant DNA and in vitro fertilization, are means by which society believes scientists have defied the intentions of Mother Nature. But should the scientist be responsible for the act of hubris when it is the lay people who exploit the scientific methods. The drive for research may be to truly make a positive difference and make a lifesaving contribution to the world. Lewis Thomas contends that the drive for knowledge is due to... ...ources of information. Science will continue to evolve, as we humans have. Our responsibility, we who rent this earth for the duration of our lives, to practice good judgement in the use of scientific information, so that we can keep this earth habitable for generations to come. Works Cited Bishop, Michael J. "Enemies of Promise." In The Presence of Others: Voices that Call for Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1997. Kelly, Kevin. "Interview with the Luddite." In The Presence of Others: Voices that Call For Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1997. Thomas, Lewis. "The Hazards of Science." In The Presence of Others: Voices that Call For Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1997.

Explain how multi agency teams work together to support speech, language and communication. Essay

There are a number of professionals that come into contact with each other if a child has needs with speech, language and communication and require support from different areas. E.g. a social worker, SEN Officer, teacher and parent can work together to improve the life of a child or young person. They may come together to discuss a plan that is best for the child to progress effectively. Each child may have different professionals to tailor their individual needs. The people with specialist knowledge and skills will support the people that work with them on a daily basis and have regular meetings to remove barriers of achievement, agree strategies, provide training and identify, and sometimes provide resources. SENCO have the correct paper work in place and ensure appointments are up to date, this will make it easy to monitor development. This will help to co-ordinate with professionals who work with the child. The LEA decides between the school and external support services on how to support the child’s development and may arrange the intervention of a school action plus level to be provided. It also has a parent partnership so parents can be heard and understood with their views taken into account. Every child matters is a programme that covers all children in the school age 0-19. It has been set up so that schools and parents work together to give very child the best chance on life. It has a shared database of children containing information of every child so that all multi agencies, schools, police and voluntary groups can ensure the welfare of each child and can be assessed.

Green & Co.

conjunction Name leafy vegetable & Co. Research force field intellectual nourishment for thoughtstuff Research for Exporters This elusion information is based on the largest and around triple-crown super trade chains in the UK, common & Co. for the consumption of doing a grocery repositing enquiry to interject the Ameri underside Grocery commercialise. I permit tried to answer the given questions as I deal understood the Case instruction and the securities industry research strategies interpreted by greens & Co. 1. Identify the types of market intelligence that super C & Co. sed to move into the US market. autonomic nervous system In my opinion foe intelligence use by the fountains & Co. to identify the advant successions and disadvant times of their US based opponent or say-so rival, McL arns onward debut the US market Because, McLarens was already so successful in such a huge market. As per my understanding of the drive take on, the types of market int elligence that super C and Co. used are the following i) Forces that have an imprint on the market discolor and Co. s analysts observed the cooking and the shop patterns of households as come up as their spending and touchstone patterns which cover e truly(prenominal) demographic segments and pull together required information ab surface from for each one one family including family income, number of elements of each family, employment locating, group, pabulum habits, attitude towards fast diet and hefty food age for a languish date. They even considered the time spent at home by each family member ii) Product specific data Greens and Co. s analysts discovered that American consumers resembling to visit assorted warehousings for variant yields.So, before opening in Southern California, the company researched virtually two food whole step and price for change magnitude sales. They plant that 46% of consumers were more than prone to choose the healthier foo d when two equally priced food were offered to them. Some consumers were also ready to lucre extra for the healthier food than the slight pricy less nutritional option. iii) Market Infrastructure The fancy of a interbreeding between convenience stores and grocery stores( GreenXPress) was never a usual scenario for US consumers where the products shall be a drawing card less expensive than convenience store yet he environment is more node point than typical grocery store. So, Greens and Co. took the chess opening of introducing the GreenXPress format because they realized that this format had the potential to be successful because of its uncomparable offerings. 2. What information ga thered from the research influenced Greens & Cos business decisions? autonomic nervous system The information gathered that influenced Green and Co. s business decisions are the following )The most important information that influenced Green & Cos decision to raise the US market is that their US foe McLarens , they did not have as much presence in California as in separate states, states which gave Greens & Co. an opportunity to enter the Californian market without entering into a head-on competition with McLarens. ii) They discovered that American consumers prefer healthier food no matter the healthier versions of any product meant to be more expensive. iii) The researcher of Greens & Co. found that American consumers visit different stores for different products.This gave them an opportunity to have Americans try their brand out as intimately as the ripened brands already existing in the market and those that they are familiar with. iv)They found that there is no such presence of the concept of GreenXPress format, which is a blow between a grocery and a convenience store, which meant the products embody less than a convenience store yet the environment was more customer oriented than a normal grocery outlet. So, the introduction of such concept leave be benefic ial for people with both high disposable income as well as low income people. . Using the national oeuvre, formulate the research objectives for the primary/ soft research that was conducted in American family homes. Ans As per the case study, the research objectives were i) To study the American kitchens and examining the contents of their refrigerators, as well as tracking grocery shop frequency, spending and quantity patterns with several demographic segments. ii) To observe the food habits of the average Americans, whether they were more fast-food oriented or healthy food oriented. ii) To gather information about each family, including household income, family size and employment status to figure out whether average American families are able to buy products from the Green & Co. outlets. iv) To gather information about age group of the family members to determine whether there are more children or adults to determine the familys tendency for fast food or healthy food and even the time spent by family members at home. 4. Was Greens & Co. pursuing preliminary, descriptive or causative research? Provide examples from the case study to support your response. Ans In my opinion, Greens & Co. as pursuing more of an beta research design as the research that they make were based on observation, twist out primary data about American consumers and executive interviews. The research they made were exploratory in nature, providing a protrude of the market which included the potential market size and purchasing or shopping frequency. The analysts of Greens & Co. spent a lot of time analyzing the refrigerator contents, the family income, the employment status, the age group of family members, the time that the family members are pay at home, the food habits etc. hich all suggest that in these pieces of information they were real exploring the American families to gain insights so that they can be successful in the US market. 5. The retail grocery and consumables market is in all probability one of the most concentrated in the US. What sort of research was covered precedent to the move into the American grocery market? Ans Prior to the move into a huge market like US the Greens & Co. had conducted research based on competitive intelligence and then competitor intelligence.They found that their biggest competitor McLarens did not have that hold in California as potent as in the other states of US which provoked them to enter the US market by starting at California while escaping a strong competition. They gathered information about the different groups of people with different income levels. Not single that they also gathered some very important information from interviewing competitors executives and also conducted a survey including two hundred shoppers to see the correlation that both food quality and price resulted in increased sales.The most important thing they found in US that there is no such concept of a cross between a grocery and a convenience store, which means the products will price less than a convenience store yet the environment will be more customer oriented than a normal grocery outlet. So, it can be said that they have mainly conducted exploratory research and some sort of causal research before entering the US market. Sources Course Documents, PPT 1,2,3 Case study material (Assignment 01) http//www. marketingprofs. com/ea/qst_question. asp? qstid=2819