Swot - so Analysis Nike - 1366 Words

Nike SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Strengths - Nike is one of the main shoemaker in the world. It designs and sells shoes for a big variety of sports including basketball, baseball, golf, soccer, volleyball, tennis, football and running. - Nike is strong at research and development, as is evidenced by its evolving and innovative product range. Its products go through a rigorous quality control before they go to market. Despite the cost to keep a high-level research and quality control departments, Nike always try to offer its goods to customers at the lowest possible price. - Nike does not have its own factories. Its production is outsourced by factories located in cheap labor countries;†¦show more content†¦- Nike is a global company, therefore, economic crises around the world or even fluctuations in foreign currencies make profit predictions outside North-America uncertain. - Textile industry it is very harm to the environment, and therefore the company has to always deal with this to maintain its Eco-friendly reputation. - Piracy - There is a growing competition that produces and sells similar Nike products for cheap prices. Some companies, particularly located in China, make Nike replicas (they look like Nike products, there is a Nike logo stamped on them, but they are not made by the original company). | So What? According to the SWOT analysis some marketing actions could be effectively taken by Nike, especially in terms that are related to societal and environment marketing, exploring new markets and market establishment. First, In the SWOT it is possible to notice that one of the major strength of Nike is also related to one of the company weakness. The fact that the company does not have its own factory and outsource its production in underdeveloped countries can guarantee a high-quality-low-price product to the final consumer, which it is very important in the current footwear/sporting goods high-competitive market, however, for a growing group (including people who practices sports and try to accomplish a healthy life), just the quality of the product and itsShow MoreRelatedStrategic/Operational Planning (Nike) Essay696 Words   |  3 Pages Nike: Strategic Operational Planning Albert Dwayne Johnson Jr. University of Phoenix Nike: Strategic Operational Planning: When people think Nike, the first thing that comes to mind is a swoosh. The iconic symbol of the clothing brand can be seen as a way of life in sports clothing, stylish clothing and pop culture. 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United Kingdom †Cultural Leadership Style Free Essays

A wise Professor named Geert Hofstede established one of the best studies that put into account a countries culture and how values in the workplace can affect them. Today I will look at a particular country that is quite similar to the United States. The country I have chosen is the United Kingdom. We will write a custom essay sample on United Kingdom – Cultural Leadership Style or any similar topic only for you Order Now The United Kingdom encompasses England, Wales, and Scotland (which combined make up Great Britain) and Northern Ireland. Before looking at how United Kingdom numbers there first needs to be a description of what is in fact being numbered. Hofstede created five cultural dimensions. In each dimension whether it marked high or low can help a business determine how it should operate in that specific country. The first Hofstede dimension is the Power Distance Index. The Power Distance Index has to do with the inequality that not only is accepted but the inequality in existence between individuals of power and also to those without it. There will always be some kind of level of power in all societies and although some may be very unequal this measure simply shows the level of inequality they really are. A low Power Distance Index would mean that power and equality are shared. Society may view them as being a society where power is well dispersed among each other. In a high Power Distance Index however there is an unequal distribution of power and people simply understand their place in the society. When it comes to the United Kingdom though the Power Distance Index is relatively low and has a thirty PDI. This number is an indicator that the ranking of a person or the status in conjunction with their inequalities are low. When relating to more of the office structure this can be more illustrated when looking at the relationship between the superiors and the subordinates. The relationship is more casual like and not as structured and strict as in a high power distance would have been. The second Hofstede dimension is Individualism. Individualism refers to the community and all the ties that link people to them. If there is a high individualism score than there is a loose connection which only means that sharing of responsibilities are low and a lack of interpersonal connection nless of course it is between family and a few close friends. It also means that an individual’s rights are quite dominant. If there is a low individualism score than there is a strong group bond in which there is much respect and loyalty for all members of that group. The group itself would be much larger in comparison to a high score and would take more responsibility for each person making it more collective. In the Uni ted Kingdom they score a quite high one with eighty nine being there IDV number. Therefore there is a need of people’s freedoms and the valuation of their time. They enjoy challenges and expect some sort of reward for their accomplishments. There is also more of a respect for their privacy. In this sense the United Kingdom has a nuclear family that is the more leading form of basic social structure. When you think of this on more of a business aspect having a high score would also mean that individuals would be thinking about themselves more instead of the group. High scores would promote individual success but may affect the group which should be monitored. The third Hofstede dimension is Masculinity. Masculinity refers to the traditional roles of a male and female and how much they are valued and stuck to within a society. Having a high Masculinity score would mean that these countries have males that have high expectations to being tough and being the provider for the family as well as being assertive and strong. When pertaining to females in a high context score if they worked would be doing a profession that men did not. There would also be a distinction between men and women’s work. In a low masculinity score for a country you would see more of a balance when it came to jobs and skills. Women would be able to have success doing the exact same thing as a man. The role of both genders just becomes a bit blur where women work equal across professions with men. Men are also allowed to be sensitive. The United Kingdom had a score of about sixty two. Therefore they try to be somewhere in the middle. Men and women can work equally with each other although a bit of gender bias may still exist. This bias may not be as apparent if the score was a fifty but because it exceeds a little more than fifty it shows that it is an underlying bias maybe just below the surfaces. When relating this to a more business aspect in a high masculinity score the leader of the team should be a male if you wanted to obtain greater success however in a low masculinity score the team should be more balanced with a greater emphasis on skill instead of on gender. The fourth Hofstede dimension is Uncertainty/Avoidance Index. Uncertainty/ Avoidance Index refer to the degree that society members may feel while being in an anxious or uncertain situation. This can also relate to whether or not a person is comfortable or uncomfortable within a certain situation. In a high uncertainty/avoidance index country avoidance of ambiguous situations is a must with the creations of lots of rules and regulations. There is much order with a collective type of truth that is held. Business is also very formal with the need for structure and differences are highly avoided. If there is any level of nervousness it creates high levels of emotion mixed with high levels of expression. In a lower uncertainty/avoidance index the society will enjoy surprises and the differences between individuals are highly valued. They are actually encouraged to seek for their own truth. The United Kingdom has an Uncertainty/Avoidance index of about thirty which means in a more business aspect that they have a more informal business attitude. There is also a more concern on the long term goals and strategies instead in comparison to the more daily happenings. There is a far greater acceptance of change and this society is more prone to taking a few risks unlike a high UAI group which would avoid risk taking. Conflicts and disagreements would also be seen as a healthy relationship amongst workers even at times superiors with different views taken into account to conclude with a better outcome. The last Hofstede dimension is Long Term Orientation. Long Term Orientation refers to how society views the long term standing of traditions and values in comparison to the short term traditions and values. In a high long term orientation score the individuals in a society would refrain from losing face and have social obligations. Traditions are valued to the extreme and family is the basis of the society. Parents and men are seen in these societies to have far more authority than women and young adults. There are very strong work ethics and a high value is placed on the education that is obtained as well as any training. The United Kingdom has a long term orientation score of about twenty. Being that it is very low in comparison to Asian cultures this just means that much can be expected when discussing the creative expression that is in the United Kingdom’s culture. Traditions may not be valued here as much as they would be valued in other societies. This then ust sums that they would be more likely to help when it came to the business aspect of innovating any sought out plans. There would be an execution of those plans as well with the compromise that there will be full participation. In a low long term orientation there is also promotion of equality. Creativity and individualism is also a definition of a low long term orientation where what is strived for is self actualizati on. Although some may see the United Kingdom as being more traditional with all its associations it still promotes equality which in the end makes it different from other cultures or societies. The five dimensions that Geert Hofstede established were one being Power Distance Index (PDI), two being Individualism (IDV), three being Masculinity (MAS), four being Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), and five being Long Term Orientation (LTO). Each one looked at in pertaining to the United Kingdom gives more of an insight on how the societies culture is and how a business can benefit better if in the United Kingdom. Although many cultural norms play a huge part in the procedure and interpersonal associations at work all these things may seem to just be. Each and every norm just comes natural to the society that you live in. However, when you move outside your norms and are found in a new society knowing what to do or how to run a business may be very intimidating without knowing how that society’s culture may behave. Once you step foot in a foreign place everything may seem different with completely different norms that are followed. Hofstede’s five dimensions can thus be a starting position for one to use in determining how to act when comparing what the reactions might be and how that society might think about how you just acted. It would also help in evaluating your approach and the decisions that you make in an organization or business. There may be other deviations from all the norms that may make up a society but having a guide like Geert Hofstede’s five dimensions will help to not feel completely off guard when encountering new societies. Sometimes not knowing what to expect can be very threatening and not knowing how to act or not knowing how your actions will be perceived can be scary. However, using Hofstede’s five dimensions can bring new light on any society. When looking at the United Kingdom it is quite similar to the United States so intimidations can be a little lower but taking into account every dimension will help in creating a successful business. 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Fall Prevention Strategies For Geriatric Patients †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Fall Prevention Strategies For Geriatric Patients. Answer: Introduction: Falls are considered by researchers to be one of the leading causes of injury related admission to the emergency departments in the different healthcare centers. It has also been seen to be the primary etiology of accidents mainly in the cohort of the people who are aged 65 years and above (Milos et al. 2014, p 40). The mortality rate for falls is also observed to increase dramatically with the age of the people in both the sexes as well as also in different racial and ethnic groups like the aboriginals and the Torres Islanders. Falls account to about 70 percent of the total accidental deaths of old people who are mainly 75 years of age and older (Bloch et al. 2014, p303-306). One of the striking facts that holds great significance and should be noted is that the rate of fall of geriatric patients is also very high in healthcare centers as well. Falls are usually the markers of poor health as well as declining function. One of an interesting fact stated by researchers is that one thi rd of the geriatric patients who are community dwelling and 60% of thenursing home dwellers have suffered fall once during their stay in the healthcare centers. This occurrence results in increased suffering of the patients associated with long stays of patients on the healthcare centers, poor quality life and depression due to loss of mobility (Wallander et al.2017, pp.449). The assignment will mainly target the aged population who are highly vulnerable towards falls. It will also show how thenursing professionals in the geriatric departments can apply different strategies so that such occurrence does not occur. Target population: With the development of the medical science and healthcare researches over the years, life expectancy has increased. The Australian Bureau of statistics had shown that life expectancy of Australian population has made a record. According to the data released by the board in the year 2014, it was seen that the male life expectancy has increased from 80.1 in 2013 to 80.3 years and female life expectancy has increased from 84.3 to that of 84.4 years. As the average age of the death in Australia has increased to 82.45 years, the population of the aged people are increasing at a fast pace. They are living longer days now than in earlier decades (Soto-varela et al. 2015, pp.8). However, although the expectancy has increased, it had exposed them to a number of chronic disorders like obesity, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular issues and many others. These had provided poor quality lives of aged people for which they spend their days in the community healthcare centers,nursing homes and resident ial care as well. All these chronic issues make them lose their independence, as they tend to lose mobility. They lose many of their physical function for which they tend to depend on caregivers for help (Padron Monendra et al. 2017, pp.1559). Such vulnerable conditions often expose them to various types of incidents out of which falls are the most common. A report published by the New South Wales government showed 25.6 % of older people have fallen at least once in the preceding months. Among the old patients who fell, 66.1 % stated that they suffered from injury and 20% of the people also had to be admitted to the hospitals. It was also seen, that patients also had fall in the healthcare centers due to improper risk assessments conducted by thenursing professionals (Hshiesh et al. 2015, pp.512). Moreover, it was also seen that many nurses is not have proper knowledge and skills to handle fall prone patients successfully. All these had exposed the geriatric population to different instances of fall and healthcare costs had increased to a huge extent. The costs associated with this fall account for more than 80% of the cost of treatment for fall related injuries that results in creating pressure not on the financial planning of the patients and family members but also results in excessive outflow of resources in hospitals (Chen, Zhu Zhou 2014, p.437). Complications: Falls are known to threaten independence of elderly people largely. It results in the initiation of a cascade of not only individual but also different socioeconomic consequences. Loss of independence results in development of depression and anxiety among the patients that causes loss of mental stability. They are also seen to increase risks of injury as well as death or hospitalizations. These symptoms are more common in older individuals who are already living with preexisting diseases co morbidities like osteoarthritis, obesity and others (Huang et al. 2016, p.40). Longer-term complications results in decreasing of physical functions, fear of falling and leads to institutionalization. Certain falls cause minor injuries like contusions or abrasions. It also results in various types of major issues of which the most common are fractures of the humerus, pelvis as well as wrists. Hip fractures in the old patients are one of the most notable outcomes not only dye to fall in the houses of the old patients but also in the hospital and healthcare centers. Improper education given by the nurses does not provide proper health literacy to the patients and therefore they tend to be more vulnerable towards incidences of fall (Milos et al. 2014, p40). Other serious injuries include different types of head and internal injuries as well as lacerations. Overall mortality after hip fracture tends to range from 18 to 33% in the first 12 months as they cannot take the suffering and are not properly educated to take post-operative care successfully. Function as well as quality of life is also seen to deteriorate at a drastic rate after a fall. 50% of the aged patients who were in an ambulatory stage before fracturing hip before fall can never get back to their previous level of mobility. Aged individuals, who had previous experiences of fall and sufferings associated with it, develop a fear of falling again (Khosravi Ghapanchi 2016, p18). Because of this, confidence gets lost i n them for which further mobility is reduced. Patients start avoiding daily activities of lives along with other activities like cleaning, shopping, walking and others. Decrease of activities in turn result in stiffness of joints associated with weakness. All these result in mental and physical degradation of the patients (Lopez-Soto et al. 2016, p.19). Factors that result in fall: Researchers are of the opinion that falls in the elderly patients are rarely because of a single cause or risk factor. They are mainly the results of different types of complex interaction among different factors (Hill et al. 2015, p.2596). These are intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors and different situational factors. Intrinsic factors include age related changes. These impair different systems that are involved in maintaining stability and balance of the aged individuals that include standing, walking as well as sitting of the individuals. This increases their risks of falls. Contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, perception of depth and adaptation to dark all decline when individuals age. Moreover, changes in muscle activation patterns as well as modifications of the capability in generating sufficient muscle power and velocity results in impairing the ability of the aged individuals in maintaining or recovering balance in response to perturbations (Huded et al. 2015, p.1043). These include activities like stepping onto uneven surface or being bumped onto something. Muscle weakness of any types can act as a major predictor of falls. Researchers are also of the opinion that certain chronic and acute disorders and use of their drugs act as major risk factors that causes incidents of falls. Certain p sychoactive drugs are seen to increase the risk of falls and result in fall related injuries. Extrinsic factors mainly include different environmental factors that result in increasing the risks of falls. These factors either work independently or may interact with intrinsic factors resulting in the falls. The risks of fall become the highest when the environment needs greater postural control and mobility like when walking over a slippery surface. Falls may also occur when the environment is unfamiliar like visiting a new place or when relocating of homes are done. Situational factors mainly include certain activities as well as decisions, which increases the risk of falls and other fall related injuries (Kim Jeong 2015, p.2015). Some of the examples include walking while talking or remaining distracted due to multitasking. This may result in failing of the aged individual to notice the environmental hazard like a curb or steps. Often they may also need to rush to the bathroom in the nights when they are not fully awake or when lighting is also inadequate. This might act as a situation where aged people become highly vulnerable to fall. Rushing to answer phones also result in incidents of falls for frail elderly patients. Strategies that prevent fall: Once the patients have been properly assessed about the probability of their chances to fall, nursing professionals should allocate proper interventions that which ensure that the patients are free from any risks of falls. For these reason, they have to be very careful and provide person centered care to patients ensuring that their demands are met; safe care is provided and are made free from any chances of fall. Those elderly patients who are at a high risk for fall should be provided signs or should be secured with wristbands (Frankenthal et al. 2014, p.1658). Wristband identification would help the nursing professionals to remember their vulnerability towards fall. These would help the healthcare professionals to adopt fall precaution behaviors with them that would reduce chances of incidents of falls. The healthcare professionals should also shift such patients to rooms near the nurse station. Researchers are of the opinion that nearby location would help healthcare professional s to develop constant observation and help them in responding quickly to different call needs from such frail patients. Most of the important items that are used by the patients should be kept within the reach of the patients like the call light, water, urinal as well as telephones as items which are too far to reach may contribute to incidents of falls causing hazards. Moreover, the healthcare professionals should make sure that the beds are kept at lowest possible as possible (Wilson et al. 2016, p.1012). If possible, then the healthcare professionals can set the sleeping surface of the patients as adjacent to the floor as much as possible. Another strategy that the healthcare professionals may apply is the use of side rails on beds as required. For cases when the beds are with split rails, the healthcare professionals should make sure that at least one of the rails are down at the foot of the bed. Researchers are of the opinion that when only one of the four rails are left down, patients are less likely to fall. However, nursing professionals should never take the help of restraints for reduction of falls. Use of restraints in turn increases physical harms like bruises and wounds when the patients try their best to be free for such restraints. It also harms their dignity and autonomy and they feel disrespected. It also affects their mental stability resulting in depression and anxiety. The healthcare professionals should also make sure that the rooms have appropriate lighting especially during the night. The patients should be encouraged to wear slippers or shoes that have non-skid soles when walking (Matarese et al. 2015, p.1198). Non-skid footwear helps in decreasing the rate of falls as they ensure sure footing accompanied by diminished foot and toe lift during the time of walking. Moreover, the patients should be made familiarized with the layout of the room and rearrangement of the furniture of the room should be prevented in order to avoid tripping ov er the furniture. The healthcare professionals should also provide heavy furnitures that do not tip over when aged patients use them as support while ambulating. The primary path should be made clear and straight. Clutters should be avoided on the surface of the floor. Another interesting strategy that can also be applied is the use of bed or chair alarms when the patients try to get up without taking any support or assistance. Such audible alarms are wonderful substitutes of physical restraints and help in reminding the patients that they should not get up alone. The healthcare professionals should collude with other team members for conducting proper assessment and evaluations of the medications of the patients that contribute in falling. Sitters are effective and help in guaranteeing a secured, safe and protected environment (Muller et al. 2015, p.519). They are very much helpful for patients who have impaired ability for following of directions. Allowing patients to take part in exercises and gait training and informing them about the advantage of wearing eyeglasses and hearing aids are other ways to prevent falls. High-risk patients can also be provided with hip pads. The patients and the family members should be also taught about how to ambulate safely at home. This trainings should include the professionals describing the benefits of the use of handrails in bathrooms and similar others. The caregivers at homes should make sure that the clutters are properly removed and the house is kept neat and tidy. All clutters like stacks of old newspapers, magazines and others in hallways and staircases may result in falls. Moreover, tripping hazards should be removed or repaired. Proper examinations of rooms should be done so that loose carpets, slippery throw rugs as well as wood floorboards that stick up do not act as tripping hazards (Bunn et al.2014, p.13) . Grab bars and handrails should be implemented for going up and downstairs, stepping in and out of the bathtubs and while getting on and off the toilet. Researchers have also found out that loose and baggy clothes worn in homes can make people fall and therefore better fitting and properly hemmed cl othing should be used making sure that they do not bunch up or drag on the floor. Care should be also taken that the lighting of the house is adequate installing brighter bulbs where needed. Socks although comfortable should be avoided as they provide a slipping risk. Therefore, the caregivers should purchase non-slip socks and proper non-skid shoes. Bathtubs, showers, floors in kitchens, bathrooms and porches, when wet, can become dangerous. Therefore, care should be taken that they are not left wet. Researchers suggest use of non-slip mats that prevent chances of falls. Even precautions like guard rails can face sometimes and therefore in order to avoid such uncertainty, it is better for the aged people to remain on the lowest level of the house (McKensie et al. 2017, p.4) Conclusions: The cases of falls and admissions to healthcare centers are seen to be increasing with the age of the patients. Moreover, many of the frail and elderly patients also suffer from incidents of fall in the healthcare units. This is either due to improper monitoring of the professionals, improper education of the patients by the professionals or due to improper handling of the patients by the professionals. Therefore healthcare professionals should develop knowledge about the complications of falls and how these result in economic burden of the patients and family members along with physical and mental instability. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare professionals to identify the intrinsic, extrinsic and situational factors and thereby provide different fall prevention strategies. Proper strategies when applied in healthcare centers and at homes will ensure reduction of falls resulting in better quality lives. References: Bloch, F., Blandin, M., Ranerison, R., Claessens, Y.E., Rigaud, A.S. Kemoun, G., 2014. Anxiety after a fall in elderly subjects and subsequent risk of developing post traumatic stress disorder at two months. A pilot study.The journal of nutrition, health aging,18(3), pp.303-306. Bunn, F., Dickinson, A., Simpson, C., Narayanan, V., Humphrey, D., Griffiths, C., Martin, W. Victor, C., 2014. Preventing falls among older people with mental health problems: a systematic review.BMC nursing,13(1), p.4. Chen, Y., Zhu, L.L. and Zhou, Q., 2014. Effects of drug pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, characteristics of medication use, relevant pharmacological interventions on fall risk in elderly patients.Therapeutics and clinical risk management,10, p.437. Frankenthal, D., Lerman, Y., Kalendaryev, E. Lerman, Y., 2014. Intervention with the screening tool of older persons potentially inappropriate prescriptions/screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment criteria in elderly residents of a chronic geriatric facility: a randomized clinical trial.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,62(9), pp.1658-1665. Hill, A.M., McPhail, S.M., Waldron, N., Etherton-Beer, C., Ingram, K., Flicker, L., Bulsara, M. Haines, T.P., 2015. Fall rates in hospital rehabilitation units after individualised patient and staff education programmes: a pragmatic, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial.The Lancet,385(9987), pp.2592-2599. Hshieh, T.T., Yue, J., Oh, E., Puelle, M., Dowal, S., Travison, T. Inouye, S.K., 2015. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis.JAMA internal medicine,175(4), pp.512-520. Huang, T.T., Chung, M.L., Chen, F.R., Chin, Y.F. Wang, B.H., 2016. Evaluation of a combined cognitive-behavioural and exercise intervention to manage fear of falling among elderly residents in nursing homes.Aging mental health,20(1), pp.2-12. Huded, J.M., Dresden, S.M., Gravenor, S.J., Rowe, T. Lindquist, L.A., 2015. Screening for fall risks in the emergency department: a novel nursing-driven program.Western journal of emergency medicine,16(7), p.1043. Khosravi, P Ghapanchi, A.H., 2016. Investigating the effectiveness of technologies applied to assist seniors: A systematic literature review.International journal of medical informatics,85(1), pp.17-26. Kim, Y.L. Jeong, S.H., 2015. Effects of nursing interventions for fall prevention in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis.Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing,45(4), pp.469-482. Lpez-Soto, P.J., Smolensky, M.H., Sackett-Lundeen, L.L., De Giorgi, A., Rodrguez-Borrego, M.A., Manfredini, R., Pelati, C. Fabbian, F., 2016. Temporal patterns of in-hospital falls of elderly patients.Nursing research,65(6), pp.435-445. Matarese, M., Ivziku, D., Bartolozzi, F., Piredda, M. De Marinis, M.G., 2015. Systematic review of fall risk screening tools for older patients in acute hospitals.Journal of advanced nursing,71(6), pp.1198-1209. McKenzie, G., Lasater, K., Delander, G.E., Neal, M.B., Morgove, M. Eckstrom, E., 2017. Falls prevention education: Interprofessional training to enhance collaborative practice.Gerontology geriatrics education,38(2), pp.232-243. Milos, V., Bondesson, ., Magnusson, M., Jakobsson, U., Westerlund, T. Midlv, P., 2014. Fall risk-increasing drugs and falls: a cross-sectional study among elderly patients in primary care.BMC geriatrics,14(1), p.40. Milos, V., Bondesson, ., Magnusson, M., Jakobsson, U., Westerlund, T. Midlv, P., 2014. Fall risk-increasing drugs and falls: a cross-sectional study among elderly patients in primary care.BMC geriatrics,14(1), p.40. Mller, D., Borsi, L., Stracke, C., Stock, S. Stollenwerk, B., 2015. Cost-effectiveness of a multifactorial fracture prevention program for elderly people admitted to nursing homes.The European Journal of Health Economics,16(5), pp.517-527. Padron-Monedero, A., Lopez-Cuadrado, T., Galan, I., Martinez-Sanchez, E.V., Martin, P. Fernandez-Cuenca, R., 2017. Effect of comorbidities on the association between age and hospital mortality after fall-related hip fracture in elderly patients.Osteoporosis International,28(5), pp.1559-1568. Soto-Varela, A., Faraldo-Garca, A., Rossi-Izquierdo, M., Lirola-Delgado, A., Vaamonde-Snchez-Andrade, I., del-Ro-Valeiras, M., Gayoso-Diz, P. Santos-Prez, S., 2015. Can we predict the risk of falls in elderly patients with instability?.Auris Nasus Larynx,42(1), pp.8-14. Wallander, M., Axelsson, K.F., Nilsson, A.G., Lundh, D. Lorentzon, M., 2017. Type 2 Diabetes and Risk of Hip Fractures and Non?Skeletal Fall Injuries in the Elderly: A Study From the Fractures and Fall Injuries in the Elderly Cohort (FRAILCO).Journal of bone and mineral research,32(3), pp.449-460. Wilson, D.S., Montie, M., Conlon, P., Reynolds, M., Ripley, R. Titler, M.G., 2016. Nurses perceptions of implementing fall prevention interventions to mitigate patient-specific fall risk factors.Western journal of nursing research,38(8), pp.1012-1034.

Leadership Defined Essays - Leadership, Social Psychology

Leadership Defined Leadership Leadership Defined As defined by Webster, a leader is someone who has commanding authority or influence or a first or principal performer of a group. It is my position that Leadership, in essence, is the sum of these definitions. In order to have and maintain commanding authority, a leader must be the principal performer of his/her group. Leadership, based on examples presented by Michael Hanna and Gerald Wilson , is dynamic. The field of knowledge has developed through a series of trials and discoveries, ranging from the Classical scientific theory to contemporary Total Quality Management. With this in mind, leadership should be classified as a soft science, just as philosophy, sociology and psychology. Leadership, without regard to method, is an art; the skillful application of leading is much the same as the skillful application of brushstrokes by a painter. Being both rational and emotional, it involves both sides of human experience. It includes actions and influences based on reason and logic as well those based on inspiration and desire. Leadership also requires involvement working within the social context shared among all members of a group. As illustrated through the Hawthorne experiment, empathy and involvement are important elements of leadership. Is management the same as leadership? Management is a position of authority. Management says what need to get done and supplies the material to get it done. Management tends to be the more educated than the experienced. Managers can be trained to hold a position. Though management is often a position of leadership. Leadership and management are not the same. Anyone can be a manager and not have anyone to lead. Being able to manage requires understanding the aspects of a particular task or mission. A leader must motivate followers to the completion of the mission. Simply stated, management sets the stage and directs and the leadership motivates and makes it happen. Both need support from each process in order to achieve its' goals. Leadership is not just based on the leader. In assessing leadership you must look at the leader, the follower, and the situation or task. In order to do an assessment of the leader, evaluate what is expected from those following. Look at the situation and environment that surrounds the whole concept. Both the leader and followers must serve a common goal. Leadership is 100% service and 100% partnership, to maintain good leadership; one must develop a working relationship between themselves and followers. There are different types of followers, alienated, conformist, pragmatist, and exemplary followers. Alienated followers are the ones that are irritants, who like to always point out the negative aspect on everything and overlook the positive aspects. The conformist follower is the yes person, or brown noser within a group. As long as things are in conformance with social and organizational standards, as long as promotions and other aspects of the job are equal there's really no probl em. Pragmatist are not committed to workgroup goals but have learned not to make waves, basically they will do only what is needed to get by. The exemplary follower is almost like a self-leader. They can adjust to any situation. They are independent, innovative, creative and willing to stand up to superiors. A strong follower helps a good leader to become a better leader. This could also bring on a well-bonded working relationship. In evaluating the leadership process, a lot of things come into play. Followers usually play a key role in organizational successes and failures, yet these outcomes are often attributed solely to leaders. Everyone has spent and will spend more time as a follower than as a leader. Spending time reflecting on follower experiences may be one important key to leadership success. Values play a central part of a leader's psychological makeup. Values are an important component of the moral reasoning process. Values also serve to organize attitudes, which are gen eral and enduring positive or negative feelings about some person, object, or issue. There are two sets of attitudes that play a role in leadership. They are the attitudes leaders have about themselves and the attitudes leaders have about others. Managing stress is also an important skill for leaders and followers to have. They both must learn to monitor their own

The Plant Cell Essays - Organelles, Membrane Biology, Cell Biology

The Plant Cell Essays - Organelles, Membrane Biology, Cell Biology The Plant Cell Cell Wall Size: Around 1? Basic Function: * Hold the shape of the cell. * Strengthen the cell. Covering the cell membrane of the plant cell, there is the cell wall. The cell wall is composed of two layers of rigid, hard cellulose embedded in compounds like pectin and lignin. Pores in the cell wall allow molecules to pass through. The cell wall has two parts. The primary cell wall is formed during the growth of the cell. After the cell has stopped growing, a secondary cell wall forms. This secondary wall is made of lignin and cellulose, woven together tightly, to prevent further growth and to form and strong protective barrier. Cytoplasm Size: Unmeasurable Basic Function: * Helps dissolve waste products * Creates a "medium" for vesicles to travel through * Aids in cell metabolism * Serves as a home for the cytoskeleton. The cytoplasm is the jelly-like material that makes up much of the cell. It is 80% water and usually clear in color. It also contains many salts. The liquid portion is referred to as cytosol. In fact, "cytoplasm" means "cell substance." The cytoplasm is also the home of the cytoskeleton, a network of cytoplasmic filaments that are responsible for the movement of the cell. The cytoplasm is constantly moving and churning due to cytoplasmic streaming. Golgi Apparatus Size: Between 2 and 3? Basic Function: * Serves as "processing center" for cell. * Packages and processes new proteins. * Prepares proteins for secretion or storage. The Golgi Apparatus is a series of stacked membranes in the cytoplasm that packages proteins for secretion or storage in vesicles. Inside the membranes are sacs of fluid or gel-like substances. The Golgi Apparatus takes proteins in transport sacs from the endoplasmic reticulum and sends it through a series of these membranes. The proteins are then "modified"' as they pass from membrane to membrane. After the vesicle of proteins has finished its trip through the Golgi Apparatus, it buds off the organelle in a Golgi sac, ready to be stored or transported to other parts of the body. Cell Membrane Size: 7 to 8 NM (nanometers) Basic Function: * Controls what enters and exits the cell. * Separates cell from outer environment. On the outside of all cells, there is a layer of protein and lipid (fat) called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane. This membrane is found in ALL cells. The membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it allows some molecules to enter and some not to. The membrane allows molecules in through two forms of transport, active and passive. Passive transport consists of simple diffusion through the pores in the membrane or carrier molecules. Active transport consists of endocytosis, exocytosis, and the sodium- potassium pump. The membrane also protects the cell from the outside environment, keeping the cytoplasm and its organelles in, and all of the stuff outside out. Mitochondria Size: 2 to 3 ?m Basic Function: * Serves as "respiration" center" for cell. * Makes energy for the cell. Floating inside the cytoplasm are a series of fairly large organelles called Mitochondria. These organelles, the size of some bacteria, serve as the cell's respiration centers, the place where energy for the cell is produced. Since the Mitochondria serves as a center for energy production, there are varying numbers of mitochondria in different cells. Muscles have many mitochondria due to the amount of energy they need, but skin cells have very few. The mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) have two membranes. The outer membrane protects the organelle, and the inner membrane is folded into a series cristae or long folds. Endoplasmic Reticulum Size: Highly variable Basic Function: * Serves as "transportation system" for cell. * Moves proteins and vesicles around cell. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (or ER) serves as a home for the ribosomes of a cell and as a "highway" for the cell's proteins to be transported on. Being close to the ribosomes allows for the quick transfer of proteins from them to the rest of the cell. This "highway" is composed of interconnected membranes and vesicles. The process of transporting these newly created proteins is critical to the cell, and is required for furthur survival. The ER is very closely associated with the Golgi Apparatus. Vacuole Size: Varies from 10+? to quite small. Basic Function: * Serves as large storage centers for cell. * Hold water and many nutrients Inside the cell, surrounded by the cytoplasm, is

5 College Cash-Saving Tips

5 College Cash-Saving Tips 5 College Cash-Saving Tips So the end of semester is nearly here, and I guess your bank account is getting pretty low. What with books, rent, food, and the occasional all-night party, I’m guessing you need some money-saving advice by now. It’s always hard to keep track of money when you are studying, and so we’ve compiled some great cash-saving tips for you. You’re welcome! 1. IOU If you live with your friends, you’ll know how easy it is to end up owing $10 here and there. However, if you let it go without chasing it up, you might end up losing a lot of money! Fortunately, there are some free apps out there to help. Try out Splitwise to make sure all those dollars get back to you! 2. Make a Budget Yeah, it’s boring making spreadsheets. The great thing is that you don’t have to anymore! Yep, were recommending more apps to make your life easier! Try My Supermarket to keep track of what you spend and compare prices at the grocery store. 3. Shun the Agencies Rental agencies can be really expensive to use. Try renting from an independent landlord instead if you can. Use sites like Craigslist to find independently owned properties. And be sure to check out your rights as a tenant. 4. Get it for Free! Don’t buy anything, see if someone else is giving it away first. It’s always worth checking out sites like Freecycle to see if anyone local is giving away what you want! Often you’ll find really great stuff being thrown out. 5. Get Some Paying Guests If all of your roommates are going away for summer or Christmas holidays, why not list your house on Airbnb as a way of making extra cash? Just make sure to check your rental agreement first to make sure that sub-letting doesn’t invalidate your contract.

Festival and events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Festival and events - Essay Example In addition, we have also approached for additional funding from the Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd that offers sponsorship based on their internal evaluations for events that deliver community benefits that align to the direction of the company (n.d). In this note, the company agreed to donate $1000 to sponsor the night trivia. Further, we were keen in controlling the costs of organizing the event by ensuring that we select a venue that is cost effective. Our choice of venue for the event is Apple cross Anglican Church where it is possible to reduce the total cost for holding the event while still making the guests to have fun. The main hall areas in the Apple cross Anglican Church can host a maximum of about 230 guests at a cost of $20 per hour after 6pm for non-profit events (Applecross Anglican Church, n.d). In addition, the venue has other additional offers such as tables and soft drinks. Further, we have approached the Sound Guys Company where we have obtained discounted sound system at a cost of $70 for the event. All these additional resources make the cost of holding the event in the venue to be within our limited budget. In order to attract a large number of guests, we have organized some prizes and gifts that will be given to the participants of night trivia. For instance, we have approached Dymocks book shop who agreed to donate different types of books in order to support the event. In addition, we have also approached Coles Supermarkets who agreed to support the night trivia by donating food hampers that will play great part in attracting more participants. Further, we were able to get some gifts such as soaps, perfumes and lotions from Elizabeth Shop that will also constitute the prizes to be given out. In order for the participants to win the gifts, the trivia will be organized in such a way that groups in a table will compete

Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems Assignment

Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems - Assignment Example What are the similarities and differences of these two systems? Intrusion detection systems are software applications or devices that detects and monitors malicious activities of violations of policies provided. In addition, the application provides reports and information to management stations. The application has different ways and mechanisms that may detect network traffic from different sources. In general, intrusion detection systems focus on detecting network incidences, logging information of users and reporting log in attempts (Ross, 2001). Moreover, companies use the systems to monitor their existing security systems. This is done by detecting issues with security policies and creating documentation on existing network issues. In addition, the system may provide recommendations on how to update existing security policies. The main objectives of IDS are analyzing and monitoring system activities and users, taking part in system audits, analyzing the safety of content used and required, detecting unusual activities and comparing partners to malware patterns. One major weakness of the system is that it must contain human operations which may hinder the effectiveness of automated functionality (Verma, 2008). On the other hand, firewalls are also used to increase the effectiveness of network security approaches. Firewall protects network security systems from access from unauthorized sources. Verma (2008) is of the assumption that firewall protect security prior to their access. The author further points out that the security system relies on its ability to protect access and distortion before threat is launched. To increase the effectiveness of the system, they are regularly updated to be able to identify advanced network threats. Firewall security systems also ensure the safety of the network connection used in a business. With a protected security firewall detects both incoming and outgoing packets.

Carpal tunnel syndrome Essay Example for Free

Carpal tunnel syndrome Essay Video games are very popular with children all over the world, they keep kids occupied and entertained. A lot of parents are concerned about how these video games are affecting their children. Are these video games good or bad for our children? Video gaming has both positive and negative effects on children. Video games are not only entertaining but also educational; they create challenges for children to take on in order to proceed to new levels. Video gaming is also very influential with a child. That is why it is very important to monitor children while playing. There are many positive effects to playing video games. Playing a video game is a way to exercise the brain, it helps children develop skills like following directions, problem solving and hand-eye coordination that develop fine motor and spatial skills. Video games contribute a lot to education, like developing reading skills; gamers must read to get instructions, follow storylines, and get information. Gamers also become more determined because, usually they don’t succeed the first time playing a level so they try and try again until they move on to the next level. Games can provide a positive outlet for children to release bottled up frustrations the same way many sports like basketball and football do. Video games allow parents to bond with their children and play together and can be something they share in common. Of course with every good there is a bad. Most of the bad things about video games are usually blamed on the violence that is in them. Children who play more violent video games are more likely to have more aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Playing too much video game keeps children indoors and become less social with family and friends. It also causes children to spend less time doing other activities like doing homework or playing sports. Some video games teach children improper morals and are easily confused between reality and fantasy. Excessive gameplay can contribute to poor performance in school and also cause a slew of health issues like obesity, video-induced seizures, postural, muscular and skeletal disorders and carpal tunnel syndrome. Children who are spending too much time playing video games may show signs of impulsive behavior and have attention problems. The effects of video games vary on children depending on the kind of parenting. Children usually imitate what they see in these video games so it’s important for parents to understand their children’s maturity level and what kind of games parents should allow their children to play. We are now living in a sophisticated and high-tech world so video games are essential to the development of children with today’s technology. The point is for parents to understand that playing video games have different effects on different children. The positives of video games definitely outweigh the negatives of video games especially with proper supervision of the children who play these video games.

Essay --

1. Why is it important to be able to test theories according to Popper (Falsification thesis)? Please explain your answers. According to Popper, it is important because every real test of a theory should be an attempt to falsify it, or prove it to be incorrect, because if it is not proven wrong, it becomes not scientific. A good theory is one that can indeed be disproven, or â€Å"testability is falsifiability.† 2. What is positivism and why is it important in advancing knowledge according to Comte? Positivism is the studying and recording of social life based on observations. Positivism is important in advancing knowledge due to the idea that this newly observed and obtained information can be used to reform society. 3. According to Comte what is the difference between social statistics and social dynamics? According to Comte, ‘social statistics’ focus on how order is maintained within a society, while ‘social dynamics’ focus on how a society changes over time. 4. What are the laws of three stages and how does he explain civilizational development? First Stage: ‘Theological’ or ‘fictitious’ stage. Second Stage: ‘Metaphysical’ stage. Third Stage: ‘Scientific’ or ‘positive’ stage. Comte explains that these stages evolve and develop from one another beginning from the belief from gods, to many gods and priests, then to the rejection of deities in favor of scientific thinking and rationality. These stages are needed for humanity to properly evolve. 5. In the documentary on Voodoo in Benin, what civilizational stage would August Comte define the society of Benin; in its citizen’s approach and understanding of the impact of Voodoo on everyday life? Why? In the documentary, the society of Benin would fall into the ‘theological’ stage. ... ...ion to quality of life in the modern world? Please explain. People can forget their personal lives and solely exist to work and make money rather than enjoying a life beyond that of the bureaucracy. A bureaucracy will focus only on a set of goals that must be met in order to maintain a value driven society. This rationalization can create an almost robotic-like society that truly forgets about the simple pleasures in life, which are also important in maintaining a cohesive and happy community. 20. What was the main argument in Weber's Protestant Ethic? The main argument is that the foundation of capitalism came about from the principles of Calvinism. The Calvinists believed in predetermination and that God would provide substantial money if you were deemed to have it in this life. They also were hard working, saved their money, and even reinvested their capital.

Learning from the course Essay

This paper seeks to reflect on and summarize my learning from the course about my own interpersonal skills in relation to each of the course topics on motivation, understanding others and learning styles, group dynamics, teams and teamwork, conflict management, communication, leadership and power. My generalization will be supported with specific interpersonal experiences I had during the semester with my team, friends, family and co-workers. The context will provide me data to use in analyzing how effective I am in working with other people. Based on my analysis, I will be setting three (3) specific goals for improving my interpersonal skills. I would say that I really learned a lot from the course about my own interpersonal skills in relation to each of the course topics. I shall however give emphasis only from those experiences from which I believe I could attain the purpose of this paper – that is to be able to set goals for improving my interpersonal skills. On the topic motivation, I found that each person can be motivated externally or internally depending the need or want of the person. For example, I am motivated to learn many things and have high grades in school at the same time. External motivation could come from the fact that the course topics, such as what we have in this course, are to be very interesting. In a deeper sense however, I realized that the internal motivation carries more weight than the external motivation (Sternberg, 1999). Using the same experience or example, I found out that my motivation to learn more should be supported by my acquiring good grades, which would give me the deeper meaning in my life as to what I can achieve in life. I know that the school is a training ground for more and bigger responsibilities in real. Knowing that learning more and having high grades could boost my self-esteem, I have that feeling that what ever I do in studying the course increases my desire to learn. The learning thus came from my eagerness to discuss the lessons to persons I believe could help me know and learn more about the subject matter and this experience had the effect of increasing my communication skills with different kinds of people. In the process of my desire to learn motivation where I was indeed motivated, I came to realize my learning styles and those of the people that I dealt with. The learning style is just that method or style that would help in effecting the learning the easiest and the most comfortable way. As I pursued my motivation in class, I also learned the value of group dynamics, teams and teamwork together on how to handle some conflict among groups of people. I also found that one of the most critical concepts is communication, which should comprise or involve all possible human senses to be interested with people and these people will get interest on you in return. I found out than an effective communicator must be the one who could listen well before talking (Porter-O’Grady, T. and Malloch, K. 2003). Based from the analysis, I realized that I learned how effective I am in working with people and how ineffective I am as in some aspects of interpersonal skills. My three specific goals to improve my interpersonal skill include the following: (1) to be able to empathize more with people by increasing my capacity to listen to people, (2) to be able discuss issues with people in way that could benefit the participants even from a personal level and, (3) to be able build a deeper relationships with people that communicate with which would afford more meaning communication for personal learning. To conclude , I would say that learning is fun with people and better learning could come from relationships created because of better communication done in the process of dealing with them. Since the groups of people could include teams in schools, friends, family and co-workers where each group have different characteristic and relationships, it follows that there is dynamic growth in terms of relationships after each encounter or communication with each group of people. I realized as well how complex a person is in attaining happiness so that understanding the concepts and application of understanding others and learning styles, group dynamics, teams and teamwork, conflict management, communication, leadership and power are just means to attaining happiness. When I view now that these concepts in each topic are being taught to students in the context of management in an organization, it could simply be asserted that an organization is but a way to find happiness for people as each member of the organization tries to do his or her part in satisfying the needs of various stakeholders and in the process, the needs of these people providing satisfaction of needs and wants are also satisfied. As need ands wants of people get satisfied, happiness is attained and this will continue and on while humans live. References: Porter-O’Grady, T. and Malloch, K. (2003), Quantum Leadership: A Textbook of New Leadership, Jones & Bartlett Publishers Sternberg, R. (1999), Handbook of creativity, Cambridge University Press

Spm Essay Module

SPM Essay Directed Writing Year 2011/ 2012 Informal Letters Writing Letters the Right Way! This week we will take a look at letter writing. Generally, students are taught to write two types of letters – formal letters and informal letters. Informal letters are easier to write in terms of format, language and tone. These letters are sometimes called social or friendly letters. Examples of informal letters include letters to family members and friends. When writing an informal letter, remember to use the right format. Format of Informal Letters: use the most common salutation _____________, include the writer’s address and ate in the upper right hand corner. The date can be written in different forms. (7th September 2009, 7 SEPTEMBER 2009 or 7. 9. 2009) _____________, _____________. _____________. Dear _______, ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________. _______________________________________________ _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. nclude a suitable complimentary close. (Your loving daughter) Do not use ‘Regards’ as it is considered slightly more formal and distant. Also, do not use ‘Best Wishes’ as this is considered inappropriate. Reminder! – When you write an informal letter†¦ ? Do not use slang words. ? Do not use words which are in a language other than English. This means you cannot write ‘Dear Abah’, or ‘Dear Amma’ even if that is how you address your parents. ? Do not sign off with ‘Love and Kisses’. Keep that for your personal letters. _________________, _________________ TOPIC: HEALTHY LIFESTYLE Your Task:You received a letter from your pe n pal. In the letter, she expressed anxiety of gaining weight. Write a letter to her giving suggestions about how she can reduce weight. Below are the suggested ideas that you would include in your letter. Diet ? Balanced diet to provide sufficient amount of nutrients ? Enjoy plenty of whole-grains, fruits and vegetables Exercise ? Exercise regularly helps to burn calories and manage weight ? Trade some coach time for physical activities ? Eat moderate portions ? Take stairs instead of elevator ? Eat regular meals ? Walk to near destinations ? Drink plenty of water ? Avoid late dinners

Women in the Enlightenment Essays

Women in the Enlightenment Essays Women in the Enlightenment Paper Women in the Enlightenment Paper Documents of the Enlightenment century indicate, and subsequent studies confirm, that with the possible exception of the present century women have never been so influential and prolific as they were in the Age of Enlightenment. Recently, a new generation of historians and literary scholars women in particular has greatly enhanced our understanding and appreciation of eighteenth century women. The purpose of this work is to include in a single paper a view of womens political, social, cultural, literary, artistic, and scientific accomplishments in the Enlightenment. Further this work compares views of women at the time of the Enlightenment from times previous to the Enlightenment till those held today. Opening Statement, Assumption or Hypothesis Telling the story of women in the Enlightenment poses many methodological and conceptual challenges. The fundamental difficulty, of course, lies in the category ‘women’ itself. How can one write about ‘women’ when the term embraces more than half of the population and is made up of individuals from many different walks of life? Further, we are affected at the level of belief systems which may cause us to interpret womens behavior differently from mens. Additionally, our own behavioral choices may also be influenced by social expectations regarding what is appropriate to our sex. Thus, social life is very different for men and women. As a result, the paper investigates women in the Enlightenment roles with the belief that women can offer something unique at the time of the Enlightenment. Discussion of Findings The eighteenth century was in many respects a good time to be a woman- at least for a female elite. As the Goncourt brothers suggested in a classic work, never before, perhaps, had women appeared to be so powerful or so sexually liberated (Gilmour 21). At Court and in the world of the Parisian salons, brilliant society women wielded immense influence in their aristocratic and upper-class milieu. Royal mistresses such as Mme de Pompadour and Mme du Barry, or society hostesses such as the wealthy Mme du Deffand or the scandalous Mme du Tencin, mother of the philosophe d’Alembert, were only the most obvious examples: and to these could be added independent women who succeeded in earning their own living as writers, like the Marquise de Chatelet, the translator of Newton’s Principia and friend of Voltaire, or as artists, like the painter Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun. Just as men were known (if not expected) to indulge in extra-marital affairs, so too in polite society female sexual infidelity was tolerated, provided it was not flaunted and the honor of a husband not impaired. The French aristocracy undoubtedly practiced birth control, which was the main reason that the birth rate in the families of the nobility fell from 6. 5 in the seventeenth century to 2 in the eighteenth century, and this in turn could only have diminished women’s fears of the dangers of childbirth, as well as of male sexual aggression. In practice, if not in theory, the double standard of morality no longer applied to many women of the upper classes. Yet, as the Goncourts also recognized, women simultaneously appeared in another and less flattering light in the period. Anti-woman prejudice remained strong in the eighteenth century, and in many ways the unconventional behavior of women of the elite succeeded only in making it stronger. The birth of a female child was not necessarily greeted as good news in eighteenth-century family. This inference of sexual equality was far from universally drawn, even from mainstream theories of the mind. Humans might be born mentally equal but this was consistent with environmental circumstances affecting in relevant ways a persons intellectual and moral development. In the case of women a combination of social and biological circumstances was cited that legitimated differences of treatment. Talleyrand, in his Report on Public Instruction of 1791, admits that at first sight it seems anomalous that half the human race is excluded from all participation in government by the other half and that they are, in effect, treated as foreigners by the law under which they were born and have grown up (Fitzpatrick 30). Nevertheless, the exclusion of women is for the good of the whole, permitting them to pursue their natural destinies as mothers, away from the distracting tumult of public affairs that would endanger their delicate constitutions. The conservation of society has indicated this natural division of powers. Consequently the education of women should be directed to these responsibilities, not at denaturing their faculties. It is best conducted in the asylum of the paternal home to accustom women to a retired and calm life (Talleyrand 1791:168-71). This form of argument could appeal even to liberals and radicals, since it did not deny women their intellectual equality but justified differential education on natural and functional grounds.

Follow several easy steps and create an unforgettable term paper!

Follow several easy steps and create an unforgettable term paper! Follow several easy steps and create an unforgettable term paper! Writing a term paper, for some students, is an arduous task. Even though writing a term paper is a big project, there are several steps that will help make the process go smoother such as first choosing a topic.   Inform or persuade? The next step is to decide if you want to inform or persuade your readers. Next, do some research on topics you find interesting. If something interests you in your life, write it down.   Evaluate your options Most importantly, evaluate your options. If your goal is to educate, choose a subject that you have already studied. If your goal is to persuade, choose a subject that you are passionate about. Whatever the focus is of the paper, make sure that you are interested in your topic. Prepare an outline and write your Thesis statement Next, prepare an outline for your term paper. For your term paper to be excellent, your thoughts need to be orderly and organized. If you choose to write an outline, write your topic at the top of the page. List your main ideas. Under each idea, list other smaller ideas that relate to your main idea. This will help you as you work on your paper because you will see connections that will tie in with the paper. Once your outline is in order, write your thesis statement. Your thesis statement is the main point of your paper. Keep in mind; your thesis statement will have two parts. The first part will state the topic and the second part will state the point/reason of the essay. Body of the essay and your Introduction The next part is to write the body of the essay. The body of your essay should explain, argue or describe your topic. Then, once you have developed your thesis and the body of your essay, it is time to write an introduction. The introduction should grab the reader’s attention and describe the main focus of your essay. Your Conclusion and Summarizing your Ideas Writing the conclusion is the next step in this process. The conclusion should bring closure to the paper and sum up your ideas, as well as providing a final look on your topic. Your conclusion should be no more than five sentences. Then, go back and check your work, such as checking the order of your paragraphs, that your paragraphs make sense, review the instructions for your paper and then review what you have written. Read your paper out loud and see if it makes sense. Be sure to check your essay for grammar and spelling mistakes. Take time for at least two rewrites, making sure everything is in order. Term paper writing service like those available here at Master Essay can be quite helpful with this and will work with you to review and rewrite your essay. To conclude, writing an excellent term paper can be done; however, it requires a plan, hard work and a desire to create a great looking paper! Check out services for help with your term paper!

Music Culture and Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Music Culture and Marketing Principles - Essay Example Every art speaks its own language. Music uses more emotional and intense language for the listener to learn all its depth, as the music affects only hearing, unlike other forms of art. Music greatly influences the human imagination. For example, when hearing the "Moonlight Sonata" by Beethoven, the man imagines landscapes, paints beautiful pictures and faces wonderful emotions. In ancient times the role of music was determined by its ability to entertain the audience and bring people together for the common interest. At that time, people did not have discs, plates and everything depended on the musician, who sometimes had to cross long distances in order to play music at some important event. Since that time the world had changed as well as music. Music is a great support to the development of all mankind. If this support is weak, humanity is weak. Without an understanding of the world of music, the life of the person becomes poorer than it should be. Plato did not accidentally call music mainly academic subject, which goes ahead of all others. Jean Ferries wrote: â€Å"Listening to art music is art itself, and good listening is an active, creative experience. The listener must possess a fair measure of knowledge and experience in order for the cycle of creation, interpretation (performance), and appreciation of art music to be successfully completed† (1985). Rock music has become one of the greatest streams, created by the community. It touched people of different ages and social strata. The songs of famous rock singers were learned by heart.

Goal Statement for a master program Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goal for a master program - Personal Statement Example My initial plan was to delve into a career in finance or marketing which were potentially interesting at that time, prior to the financial global crisis. However, after I transferred to George Mason University (GMU), I decided that Biology major is a better fit for me. A career in biology gives opportunities in the areas of research, health care, environmental management and conservation, and even in education, where I am more enthusiastic in. I am duly organized, determined, consistently a high academic achiever. The awards and accolades from GMU speak of my personal discipline and intellectual talent. I prefer analyzing data, looking at a big picture than doing research at a lab. I am fluent in English and Vietnamese; proficient in using the Microsoft Office Suite program and a reliable team worker. Studying at GMU was a great and rewarding experience. The academic institution is just exemplary and the professors are all inspiringly impressive. The interactions with my professors and my friends made me want to come back and pursue higher education. My original plan was to apply for a master program in Biology at GMU. However, I inadvertently missed the application deadline so I opt to study for a certificate program in Bioinformatics instead. I believe that this is one of the few certificate programs at GMU that has the option which allows students to take additional courses to earn a master degree after finishing the certificate program. Likewise, it is one’s personal contention that Bioinformatics will give me more selections and opportunities for future career paths. As I have had professional experience working as a pharmacy technician, the program is appropriately applicable and can be used to further my craft. More importantly, I could be given more privileges in terms of working with either public or private scientific research institutes, hospitals, manufacturing organizations of

Human Resources Organisational Change and Development Essay

Human Resources Organisational Change and Development - Essay Example This is a real case study of a merger between these two companies. Both the companies were multinationals having offices in various parts of the world. However, this case study refers to the change management problems encountered in Pakistan. The change process was first adopted in other countries and implemented as is in Pakistan after their success. During the year 2004, the Group Sanofi-Synthelabo and Aventis merged to create Sanofi-Aventis. Sanofi-Aventis operates within the Pharmaceutical preparations sector. The Group's principal activities are the research, production and distribution of pharmaceuticals. It has operations in more than one hundred countries worldwide on 5 continents. Consolidated sales of 25 billon euros and 4 billion euros Research & Development expenditure based on 2003 reported figures Sanofi and Aventis are both well known pharmaceutical companies. However, with time, their certain geographical operations centers have become non-productive and year after year are unable to deliver the same performance as it used to. There are various factors that made this merger necessary including: The management of both the companies i.e. ... Increase in price of labour, minimum wage laws THE REASON TO CHANGE Change Objective: - The basic objective was to successfully create the worlds third largest pharmaceutical group. INDUSTRY LEADERSHIP According to the last IMS report Sanofi-Aventis is the 3rd largest company worldwide and number one in Europe. The market share of 5.6% is also amongst the highest in the industry. Research and Development Expenses at Sanofi-Aventis are among the top 3 in the industry. Their growth rate of over 11.4% as reflected by IMS and market share of 4.6% is among the top in the industry. Their sale is approximately 3+ billion The management of both the companies i.e. Aventis and Sanofi realized that this would include a complete change management program to be devised keeping in mind the individual nature of the organizations internal cultures. This change management program had to be devised in such a way as to minimize dissatisfaction and job insecurity in the current human resource employed at both the companies. For this purpose, both the companies decided to opt for planned change. According to Stephen P. Robbins, "planned change, refers to change activities that are intentional and goal oriented" The planned change programs to be implemented at both the organizations were to encompass the following spheres: Changing structure, or in essence redesigning of organizational structure. The critical issue faced was duplication of human resources at similar parallel positions. For these cases the candidate with the better profile including education, technical expertise, years of experience and skills up gradation , would retain the old job designation, responsibilities, whereas the other candidate would be offered a

Relationship Between Asset Price and Monetary Policy

Relationship Between Asset Price and Monetary Policy With the development of capital market and the innovation of finance, asset prices have taken a more prominent role in financial economy. Meanwhile, financial crisis and economy turbulences arouse by abnormal assets price fluctuation appear in many countries. Currently, China is confronted with the reality of asset prices inflation. Asset prices rapidly fluctuation bought gigantic impact to monetary policy, therefore, study the relationship between asset price and monetary policy according to Chinas economy is significant. This dissertation applies correlation analysis, unit root test, cointegration test and Granger causality test in the empirical analysis of the relationship between asset price and monetary policy, from the data analysis, we could conclude that asset prices and monetary policy have a long-term relationship. The central bank should focus on the role of asset price on the transmit mechanism of monetary policy. 1. Introduction Motivation With the development of modern capital market and financial innovation, the world economy has into the financial economy era, and disappears increasingly capitalization, virtualization trends. It is no doubt that modern capital market has provided a powerful lever for economic growth, but its instability also cause macroeconomic fluctuations , and in particular the asset price bubbles, which is becoming a key factor for financial crisis and economic fluctuations. So far, the most developed Western countries have experienced a long period of rapid growth, concern is that global asset price has increased sharply in recent years. In the late 1980s, the stock market and real estate in Japan as the representative of asset prices have greatly increased ,which also caused Japanese economy into the bubble economy, the credit crunch and economic recession arising from the bubble economy have serious negative effects so far. In 2006, the Dow Jones industrial average index in USA was beyond the highest point of network technology bubble expansion from 2000, the stock market of many other developed and emerging market countries generally strongly increased and was beyond history records. In addition to the security market , the global real estate, gold and oil market are also very active. In 2001-2005, real estate prices have nearly doubled in many developed countries, meanwhile, real estate price in many developing countries has also generally increased . In May 2006, the international spot gold price reached USD per ounce 718 score in New York City market since 1980. In mid-July 2006, the International crude oil futures price GE exceeded the highest record to reach 75 USD/barrel. But, inevitably brought the more serious financial crisis in 2007, which has caused huge economic fluctuations to the economy from 2007. In China, securities market have established for ten years, the shares of negotiable securities in the structure of residents capital portfolios continued to be increasing, in 1992, the total value of Chinese stock market is 1048 billion yuan, accounting for only 3.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) ratio . But in 2007, the stock market value is 327141 billion yuan, the ratio of market value in GDP has being greatly rising to 130% , which is 312 times growth compared with the total stock market value in 1992 . Not only a huge amount, but also the fluctuations of asset prices have become more frequent and intense. In 2006-2007, Chinese economy under the driven of stock market and real estate market has a certain degree of asset price bubbles. While in the same time , Chinese economy is actually facing the reality of asset price falling from the top digit, shanghai security market falls rapidly from the peak position in 2007, the stock market bubbles receive the extrusion, the real est ate market similarly is also facing the similar situation, house price of major cities has falls obviously, the turnover falls into the valley. All of these financial crisis constantly are reminding people that the worldwide economic fluctuations are characterized by the financial instability , and economic cyclical fluctuations, instead of disappearing, and to be getting worse, cause considerable economic depression, frequent asset price volatility and financial crisis and economic recession arising from the asset market collapse, hence , the government should focus on the asset prices on the role of macroeconomic fluctuations and the central bank in the world have to consider the information from asset price fluctuations. The Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan and Bernanke concern much about monetary policy and asset price volatility. Alan Greenspan proposed central banks should be more concerned about the issue of asset price bubbles in the anniversary meeting celebrating the establishment of the Bank of England in 1994 . Chairman Bernanke is an internationally recognized as the founder of monetary policy and asset price researc h. At their encouragement , the international academic community and the national central banks have recent research and debate whether the monetary authorities should intervene directly in asset price fluctuations. These research and debates are from the different backgrounds in different countries, in accordance with their different assumptions and premises, provide some significance policy advice. Financial markets in particular capital market deepening and broad-based, and financial innovation enables financial institutions have diversity features. The boundaries of currency and other financial assets is blurring, money supply and real economic variables lost stability, the monetary policy impact on the real economy is no longer limited to traditional approaches, according to the traditional Keynesian theory, this impact on consumption and investment mainly through interest rate variable . But as the improvement of financial system and increase of financial assets stock , monetary policy can also use the wealth effect of asset prices and Tobin q to affect the consumption and investment, causing the changes of total demand, in stick price, the aggregate demand led to a change in the output , and cause the effect of the output changes on demand, if the aggregate demand exceeds the aggregate supply ,it can lead to inflation pressures. This series of transmission mechanism make t he role of asset market on the real economy become more prominent, asset price has become a major transmission channel of monetary policy . From the reality in China, the rapidly development of asset markets have a key role in our national economy, the impact of real estate market and stock market on economic and monetary policy are becoming increasingly apparent. In fact, the Chinese monetary authorities have also already begin to pay attention to the relationship of asset price and monetary policy . Xiaochuan, Zhou , as the Governor of Chinese central bank ,says that the central bank concerns about changes in asset prices and gives full attention to information from asset price when formulating and implementing monetary policy. Therefore, study the relationship between asset price and monetary policy in Chinese economy is significant. This dissertation analyze the relationship of asset price and monetary policy systematically, and will use econometric methodology to seek to explore the relationship between asset price and monetary policy in China by using quarterly statistics from 1998 to 2008. I will estimate the relationship between monetary policy variables and asset price variables , through correlation analysis, unit root test, cointergration test Granger Causality test to get the conclusion. This dissertation conclude the results that ¼Ã… ¡monetary policy and asset price have a long-term relationship, in a short time, the monetary policy aggravated the asset price fluctuations to some degree, the asset market appeared to be rapidly soared and shirked in a short period of time. The central bank should focus on the role of asset price on the transmit mechanism of monetary policy. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Empirical Studies from Western Economists The research from western economists on relationship of asset price fluctuations and monetary policy mainly reflects the two views. First, asset price and monetary policy do not exist the causal relationship on behavior , and the only relationship is on the information that reflects the present and future output growth. Another view on research of asset price fluctuation and monetary policy is that asset price can affect consumption and investment through wealth effects , the change of capital cost and asset price fluctuations affect consumption and investment respectively through wealth effects and Tobin q, thus affect the financial institutions status of assets and liabilities , further affect the stability of the financial system. It is evidently that asset price has become the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. Frank Smets (1997) is one of the economist who systematically analysis the optimal monetary policy that Central Bank should response on asset price change. He has proposed the following important viewpoint: how the central bank should respond to monetary policy reflecting the unexpected change of asset price, how this change affect the central banks inflation forecast. There are two factors affecting the central bank forecast inflation. First is that the effect of asset price on transmitting mechanism of monetary policy. Second is that the unique information on asset price. He established a simple macro-economic model that contains equation of Phillips curve, aggregate demand on financial asset prices (as represented by the stock price) , arbitrage and dividend , he uses this model to examine the variety of ways that change of financial assets price affect the real economy, and analysis the optimal monetary policy of central bank response to financial asset price movements. He demons trate that the optimal monetary policy of central bank response to financial asset price movements, that is, according to the structure of established model , weighted average of the short-term interest rate ( traditional intermediary target of monetary policy) and asset price as price index — monetary conditions index (MCI) , and regard this index as the target of monetary policy operations, therefore it can properly guide central bank make effectively response on monetary policy to change of financial assets price. Gunnarsson and Lindqvist (1997) have discussed the role of asset price on monetary policy from the wealth effect on change of asset price and the effect of inflation. They conclude that the monetary policy should be given more attention on the change of asset price, although it is very difficult to explain. They believe that the change of asset price affect monetary policy as long as this change is long-term change, and in recent years, the impact of this change of asset prices on the economic has been more and more important, so the central bank should spend more energy to analyze the relationship of asset prices and monetary policy, although this relationship is hard to explain but indeed existing. They believe that asset price as an indicator for monetary policy might contribute to the inflation forecast. B.Bemanke and M.Gcrtler (2000,2001) have provided that :In an particular assigned situation , the monetary policy respond to the change of asset price is determined by if existing of the inflation or the deflation pressure on real economy or not, if this change of asset price do not bring the inflation or the deflation pressure on the real economy, then the monetary policy does not need to respond to this kind change of asset price, but If this change of asset price indicates that it indeed brings the inflation or the deflation pressure on the real economy, then the monetary policy should make some response to alleviates this pressure. They propose the above policy seriously under the system frame of flexible currency inflation goal. Cecchetti, Genberg, Lipsky and Wadhwani (2000) have noted that how the central bank respond to asset price fluctuation mainly depends on the nature of the asset price fluctuation. When only have the shock of financial aspect on macro-economy, the central banks exchange rate policy should make an appropriate response, because doing so will avoid the financial shock on the stability of real economy . When the central banks target is to minimize the fluctuations of Inflation ratio and economic output gap to their target value , the central bank take possible action to eliminate the negative effects of financial volatility is a very good thing. 2.2 Empirical Studies from Chinese Scholars After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the scholars in China have began to research the relationship between asset price and monetary policy. From a theoretical viewpoint, on the one hand, monetary policy have an impact on asset prices through the adopted operation tool, on the other hand, as a virtual asset relatively to physical asset , asset price fluctuations can also have some impact on peoples consumption and investment behaviour, hence, affect economic development through consumer and investment , further transmit monetary policy purpose to the real economy. Xiaoan Qian (1998) finds that change of asset price make a difficulty in monetary policy transmission mechanism, this will cause the certain effects on monetary quantity management, inflation control and financial risk avoidance. The increase of asset price has been made transmission role of the monetary policy in the currency market change and become a source of funds in the asset markets, causing short-term funds long-term occupation , so that the transmission mechanism of monetary policy to occur difficulty. Part of funds seperated from the bank system, directly to the virtual asset markets. Wenjun Xun (2000) believes that the development of capital market increase the number of the emerging non-bank organization such as superannuation fund, the mutual fund, the Insurance company and so on, the bank also participates in the competition of capital market , the effect of the capital market on the real economy gradually highlight, the transmitted mechanism of monetary policy increases, economic subject and its behavior are diversity, uncertainty about the economical movement increases, therefore the transmitted mechanism of monetary policy is more complex. They thinks that Central Banks monetary policy should control official interest rate through the market , thus indirectly influence the bond and the stock market price in capital market, further influence real economy, achieves the monetary policy goal. Qiang Qu (2001) has found that it is difficult to put asset prices as the goal of direct control of monetary policy in the monetary policy operations, the possibilities and accuracy of establishment of general asset price index is very small, asset prices can only be used as an indirect reference, in short, to concern on it , but not target on it. Gang Yi and Zhao Wang (2002) have considered that monetary policy have impact on financial asset prices (in particular the stock price), the relationship of currency quantity and inflation not only depends on the price of goods and services, and in a certain degree depends on the stock market. Tianyong Guo(2006) has affirmed the role of asset price fluctuation on real economy , financial stability and monetary policy through analysis, at the same time, he also points out that the asset price as regulatory targets exist difficulties. Chang Cui (2007) analysis the role of asset price on monetary policy through the model , in asset price inflation period, the central bank can take the measure of interest rate for a given period too control asset price fluctuation, and control the money supply when asset price bubbles exist will receive immediate effect. While in asset price downturn period , interest rate adjust asset price have obvious and relatively durable effect. Yuanquan Yu (2008) obtains through the empirical analysis: the asset price has a certain influence on macroeconomic , particularly the effect of house price is more obvious. Therefore, the Central Bank must give the appropriate attention and control on asset price in the implement of monetary policy . In an conclusion, the asset price fluctuations have an certain impact on the ultimate objective of monetary policy, we can not ignore the unique role of asset price on the transmission mechanism of monetary policy and the macro-economic activities. The central bank should concentrate on the effect of asset prices on monetary policy, particularly in asset prices fluctuations periods, the vast majority of economists believe that the central bank should take an certain monetary policy to address and reduce the negative effect of the economy. For most of research focuses on the study of asset price fluctuation and its relationship with monetary policy, the role of asset prices in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy , as well as the effect size issues ,this dissertation based on the domestic and foreign scholar research results , deeply analyzes the transmitted mechanism of monetary policy in asset price through the impact of monetary policy on asset price . 3. Data Description This dissertation focus on the relationship between asset price and monetary policy in China according to the quarterly statistics during the year of 1998 to 2008. This dissertation mainly use the stock price (index) and house price(hsp) as indicators of asset price , and use boarder money supply (m2), financial institution loan (loan), real rate (rate) as indicators of monetary policy for simplicity. Due to the amount of the data of these variables are really great, we take log of these variables to analyze. This dissertation get all needed data from China Economic Information Network, which is a professionals institution engage in the development of economic data resources and services, provide data support, data integration, and other business data analysis for government and research institutions. All the quarterly data we need from 1998 to 2008 is recorded in the China Economic Information Network. à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 3.1 Indicators for asset price in China Asset prices generally including stock prices, bonds, prices, and even exchange rate, and other financial assets and house prices. However, the stock price and house price have a significant effect on real economy, and its fluctuations can have a key role in monetary policy decision-making, hence, in this dissertation , we will use the stock price and house price refer to the asset price. In particular, the Shanghai securities composite index is on behave of the stock price for data limitations, Shanghai securities composite index is established by the Shanghai stock market to reflect the Shanghai securities trading market overall trend. House price is on behave of the average house price in China. We can easily get these data from the China Economic Information Network. 3.2 Indicators for monetary policy in China Monetary policy refers to the Government or the Central Bank influence economic activity, especially by money supply control and regulation of interest rates. To achieve a specific goal or maintain target — for example, curbing inflation ,achieving full employment and economic growth, directly or indirectly through open market operations and setting the minimum reserve rate. There are many factors needed to be consider in implementing monetary policy, for data restrictions, in this dissertation ,we mainly consider the variable of boarder money supply, financial institution loan and real rate. First, boarder money supply (lnm2) indicates the change of aggregate supply and pressure condition of inflation in the future. In china, boarder money supply is narrow money supply plus the saving, foreign currency and fiduciary deposits of government, organizations, services, businesses and institutions in financial institution. Boarder money supply can be used as a medium and long-term equilibrium target to regulate of financial markets .It is usually the rate of boarder money supply increasing should be controlled at the sum rate of economic growth and price inflation, monetary movement. Second, financial institution loan have some disadvantage as a indicators of monetary policy. First, it is closely associated with the monetary policy objective. Currency circulation and deposit currency caused by loan, the Central Bank control the size of the loan, which also mean to control the money supply. Second, financial institution loan is an accuracy an endogenous variable , loan size is positive correlation with loan demand. As a policy variables, loan size and the demand also have a positive correlation. Furthermore, data of financial institution loan is easily accessible . Third, real rate refers to the real rate of interest return that the depositors and investors can get after eliminating of inflation rate, it is calculate as nominate rate minus CPI. Real rate can be used as the indicator of Central Banks monetary policy due to following reasons : (1) real rate reflect the supply of money and credit, and able to show the relative supply and demand, it is correlation with nominal interest rate ,High level of interest rate is thought to be a tight, low interest rate level of convergence are considered monetary relaxation. (2) real rate belongs to the Central Bank , the Central Bank can use this tools to increase or decrease in interest rates. Table 1: denotation for Variables denotation Variables Implication Lnindex Shanghai securities composite index Shanghai securities trading market overall trend Lnhsp House price Real estate price Lnloan Loan financial institution aggregation loan domestic Lnm2 M2 boarder money supply: M2+M1 Rate Real rate nominate rate minus CPI. 4. Economic Theory and Econometric Model The effectiveness of monetary policy depends not only on the sensitivity of economic subjects on policy signal , but also on numerous external factors of financial system. According to the traditional Keynesian theory, when implementing expansionary monetary policy, increase of money supply will lead to rate decline, i.e. capital costs decreasing, further increasing investment expenditure, hence increasing aggregate demand and aggregate output. Meanwhile, increase of money supply will lead to the bank reserve and deposit increase, thus enhanced bank to increase the loan quantity, the fund that the borrower attains increase, then the total quantity investment will increase, which also lead to the quantity of aggregate demand increase, hence, the total output also rise. We will use following econometric model to analyze the relationship of asset price and monetary policy. 4.1. Analyzing correlation coefficient The correlation coefficient is a measure of two variables relate to each other and their close degree of effective tools. Its absolute value is close to 1 description of relevance, the stronger between variables, the more its relevance with 0. If the correlation coefficient is positive, then the variables presented to changes in the relationship, with one variable with another variable changes. But if the correlation coefficient is negative, then the variables are changes in the relationship in the opposite direction. Using correlation coefficient can be better measured variables and between monetary policy and asset price correlation between Extent its positive and negative symbol can indicate the variable ask changes direction. Generally used to be associated matrix said. 4.2. Testing for Nonstationary In time series, stationary is a key concept, as it allows powerful techniques for modelling and forecasting to be developed. Stationary is generally regarded as some pattern of data stable or equilibrium. Stationary time series have constant mean and variance, but its covariance only determined by the time distance. However, when time series could not analyze as stationary, this types of time series always have a strong upwards or downward trend over time, we call it as nonstationary, and we can use differencing as an effective tool to transform a nonstationary time series into a stationary time series. Sometimes, Transforming a nonstationary time series into a stationary one needs more than once differencing operation. Generally speaking, if the differencing needs to be operated at least d times to achieve a stationary time series where d is the order of integration, then the time series is said to be integrated of order d, denoted by I(d). Hence, the I(1) time series also referred to have a unit root, while the I(0) time series are stationary. Dickey and Fuller (1979) provided an effective method to test a time series is stationary or nonstationy time series, which is also called as Dickey-Fuller (DF) test. The elementary object is to test the null hypothesis that the time series have a unit root or not. The model the Dickey-Fuller (DF) test involves bellows In this dissertation , indicates the variables on monetary policy and asset price at time t. ÃŽ ± denotes unknown parameter and denotes the trend. denotes the first difference which . Also, the t-statistic for testing the null hypothesis that H0: =0 against the alternative hypothesis H1: While the index and real rate variable we consider under the model H0: against H1: We also can identify the fittest lag k by running the ADF(k) test, choosing the fitted order k that gives the minimum AIC and BIC. 4.3 Cointegration Formally, Engle and Granger (1987) defined the cointegration as if there exists a linear combination of two or more I(d) time series which is I(d) with d In practice, we usually use cointegration test to exam the long-run relationship among variables in economics. If times series have relationship between variables, and the trend of the two time series has been common, and thus there will be a linear combination of these time series give us an stationary time series. In this dissertation , we test the long-run relationship between monetary policy variable and asset price variable by cointegration test .First, we consider the regression of two I (1) time series. The model is To test { } and { } are cointegrated, we need to exam that the residuals term { } is stationary .If the residuals term is I (1), then this two times series do not have a cointegration, otherwise , if the residuals term is I (o), then this two times series are cointegrated. Under this case, to test the residuals for unit root ,we can conduct DF/ADF-statistic test. In this paper, we denote that monetary policy variables as and we regress on a constant and one of the asset price variables as . 4.4. Causality Test Granger (1969) provided that Granger causality test can apply generally for testing the causal relationship on two time series.Granger causality means that if { } Granger causes{ } then { } have a predict power of { } , given any other variables. More formally, it is said that { } Granger causes { }; when the forecast of given data on { } and { } outperforms the forecast of given data on { }only. Granger causality is only related to the predictability of { } using { } and is not concerned as to whether{ }causes { }, it could be that { } Granger causes { } but { } is not causal for { },and vice versa. To test for Granger causality, we could estimate the regression by OLS In this dissertation , denotes an indicator of asset price, i.e. Shanghai composite index (lnindex) , house price ( lnhsp) , Also,denotes the indicator of monetary policy, i.e. financial institutions aggregate loan (lnloan), broad money (lnm2), real interest rate (rate) . Then conduct an F test on the null hypothesis against the alternative at least one of the is not zero. If we reject the null hypothesis, then { } has predictive power for { } and therefore, { } Granger causes { }, on the other hand, if we fail to reject the null hypothesis, then { } has no predictive power for { }, therefore, { } does not Granger causes { }.We usually test the two times series for Granger causality in pairs, that is, first test whether { } Granger causes { } and then test whether { } Granger causes { }.If two variables have Grange causality relationship in both directions, i.e. { } Granger causes { } and { } Granger causes { }, then we could regard these two varibles have causality relationship in both directions, that means these two variables are related. If two variables have Granger causality in one direction, e.g. { } Granger causes { } but { } does not Granger cause { }, then we can conclude that these two variable just have a one way causality relationship. 5. Presentation and Interpretation of Results 5.1. correlation coefficient between monetary policy variables and asset prices variables We analysis the correlation between monetary policy variables and stock prices variable according to the data provided by China Economic Information Network, and the correlation coefficients are presented in Table 2 and Table 3. Table 2 Correlation coefficient between lnindex and lnloan,lnm2,rate in 1998-2008 Lnindex Lnloan Lnm2 Rate Lnindex 1.000000 Lnloan 0.4829 1.000000 Lnm2 0.4867 0.9980 1.000000 Rate -0.4717 -0.9013 -0.9067 1.000000 As we can see, stock price (Lnindex) has correlation relationship with all monetary policy variables. With a higher stock price, loan and money supply will be increased, while real rate will be decreased. For monetary variables, loan and M2 have a strong positive correlation, and M2 have a strong negative correlaton with real rate. In conclusion , for the stock price variable, it has basically the positive correlation with the loan and money supply variables , and has negatively correlation with the real rate. Table 3 Correlation coefficient between lnhsp and lnloan,lnm2,rate in 1998-2008 Lnhsp Lnloan Lnm2 Rate Lnhsp 1.000000 Lnloan 0.9667 1.000000 Lnm2 0.9633 0.9980 1.000000 Rate -0.8453 -0.9013 -0.9067 1.000000 From table 3, we can see house price (Lnhsp) has correlation relationship with all monetary policy variables. With a higher house price, loan and money supply will be increased, while real rate still will be decreased. In conclusion ,for the house price variable, it has basically the strong positive correlation with the loan and money supply variables , and has strong negatively correlation with the real rate. 5.2.Results for unit root test We exam monetary policy variables and asset prices variables by Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) to test the stationary of time series. First ,we choose the AIC and BIC to determine the fitted lag it suggest that the optimal lag for time series is lag k =1,Then we run ADF to test stationary of time series. Results are below: Table 4 ¼Ã… ¡Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test for Variables Series ADF Test critical values Results 5% 1% Lnhsp -1.685 -3.41 -3.96 have a unit root Lnindex -2.085 -2.86 -3.43 have a unit root Lnm2