The Security payment in E- commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Security payment in E- commerce - Essay Exampleprofit can be considered as superstar of the most revolutionary inventions of the last century 2. It is used by different tidy sum for different reasons some people use it to communicate with the other end of the world, some use it to increase their knowledge with the vast information available online 1. Another area that has made a prominent name in the World Wide Web is E-commerce. E-commerce, which is the process of business transactions on the web is preferred for its simplicity and ease 3. However, one of the factors that cause a great degree of concern for customers and merchants is the level of security involved with these business transactions 4, 15. The mode of payment in e-commerce transactions is through and through credit cartes which have established more opportunities for businessmen but at the same time introduced new problems in the whole process of change goods.The fear of fraud in online business transactions ke eps on increasing every year due to the increase in the respective crime 8, 39, 40. accord to National Consumers League statistics for the year 2007 millions of dollars were lost in e-shopping transactions and have exposed the weakness of the credit card payment system 5. Credit card fraud and identity theft 11 are the two most prevalent security risks.In the past, many efforts have been done to secure online transactions and wee-wee this medium a trusting one. During such efforts, the protocol of Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) was developed to secure credit card information from several kinds of attacks face up online 6. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) as well helps in providing a secure environment as it provides an encrypted medium to transfer credit card information 7. The use of biometric has also been proposed by one of the researchers this proved helpful to prevent identity theft and any false authorization regarding the credit card information. Numerous aspects have to b e considered

Minorities in the United States Essay Example for Free

Minorities in the United States Essay assimilation is defined as a process by which an exclusive or a root word acquires the attitudes and sentiments of other individuals or groups and then incorporates their history and experience to achieve a similar pagan life (Park Burgess, 1921). Early American ancestors who were against preoccupancy in the country foresaw that immigrants to the country would throw away their cultural identities and the next generations would not arrest those cultural identities.It was debated that assimilation could result to a similar nature of national identity in which immigrants could achieve both social and economic benefits by integrating themselves into the mainstream of the American civilization (Barvosa-Carter). Immigrants atomic number 18 required to photograph an identity of an Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, white and monolingual English language speaker when integrating immigrants on the assimilationist model.However, assimilation disregard ed the consequential specialisation between a national identity and an social identity. Assimilationists have influenced the American policy-making culture with a false view that the festering cultural smorgasbord among immigrants affects their loyalty to the country (Barvosa-Carter). Furthermore, an assimilationist approach adopts the notion that successful integration of immigrants in the country must remove all heathenish identities among immigrants (Barvosa-Carter). Definition of multiculturalismmulticulturalism is too called ethnic federalism because it is the official acknowledgment of unique, fundamentally fixed ethnic individuals and the sharing of resources based on the idea of membership in an ethnic group. It disapproves the concept of the role of ethnic diversity in the emergence of a single, culturally united concourse. Multiculturalism also affirms the right of every ethnic American to privilege and power, to demand recognition and respect, and to act upon in their native language (Salins, 1997).Moreover, multiculturalism came out of a conflict between social cohesion and cultural diversity that has been existent in the American political culture since its formation (Bryson, 2005). Assimilation versus Multiculturalism Assimilation in American life has been much more accommodating, flexible, and effective in allowing the country to retain its national wholeness despite the inflow of diverse types of cultures and nationalities, while multiculturalism is more often an ideology of ethnic grievance and unavoidably results to ethnic conflict (Salins, 1997).There are two principles that are considered the foundation of multiculturalism and the opposites of assimilationism immigrants should not throw away any of the cultural qualities they inherited from their ancestors and there lead or can never be a single united nationalistic identity that all Americans can interrelate with (Salins, 1997). According to Chavez, multiculturalism super sedes affirmative action with a power to influence how all racial and ethnic groups in the country perceive themselves and conceptualize the country.Proponents of multiculturalism have not lost their belief in the capability of assimilation. The drive to traditionally assimilate ethnic minorities has been overwhelming in the United States, notably among the children of immigrants. Religion looks to be a more effective hindrance to complete assimilation than the temporal elements of culture (Chavez, 2009). Strengths and Limitations of Assimilation and Multiculturalism One of the disadvantages of multiculturalism is the failure to hear the voices of other people who live and share in the same country.However, multiculturalism has proved to be powerful and exclusionary because its primary framework and tools are borrowed from the history of anthropology (Michaelsen, 1999). According to Chavez (2009), the driving force for multiculturalism will not come from immigrants, simply from the ir assimilated counterparts who are more affluent and established. However, multiculturalism will not promote progress, but will put the nation a step backward.The more culturally diverse Americans become, the more important that they commit themselves to a shared culture. The most notable attribute of American culture has been its capability to integrate different elements into a new unified culture (Chavez, 2009). Assimilation among Americans has always implied the notion of give and take and the American culture has been enhanced or improved by what individual ethnic groups contributed to it. (Chavez, 2009) Minority groups experiencesDiscrimination suffered by ethnic minorities in the United States has touched their proceedings in life. The country faces two challenges in dealing with ethnic relations the move to further fend off the negative impact of racism that started with slavery and the successful assimilation of growing immigrants, particularly coming from South and Cen tral America and Asia. Moreover, the immigration trend in the country has gained exceptional successes in making the nations motto a reality.However, each wave of immigration has resulted to tension between new types of immigrants and older, naturalized immigrants (Thernstrom, A S, 2002). The nature and structure of life in the United States constitutes the social environment in which interpersonal relations among people of different religions, races and national origins occur. The estimated 190 million Americans are not just individual persons with psychological attributes, but belong to different types of groups primary, secondary, family, associations, social networks, religious, racial, and social classes.The nature of these different types of groups and their interpersonal relationships has a fundamental impact on how people of different cultural backgrounds perceive and relate to each other (Gordon, 1964). The different cultural varieties of Americans have the tendency to be with their own social class and ethnic group for the main purpose of having the warm relationships with their primary groups, interacting with other cultural varieties of Americans mainly in neutral relationships with secondary groups (Gordon, 1964).In conclusion, the United States can cope with the influx of immigrants and increasing diversity by making sure that all Americans learn how to relate with different types of groups that exist in the country. They must learn to continually eliminate structural separation of different types of ethnic groups by enhancing their interaction on the job, on the civic environment, and in other areas of impersonal relations. The process of having a current and industrial society is dependent on the commitment of mobility and interchangeability of individuals based on their occupational expertise and needs.The universal criteria of training and competence, which rely on the achievement of occupational roles, the choice of political leaders, the selection of living space, and the effective implementation of the educational process must exist in the country, while the criteria based on religion, racial background, and nationality must eliminate. If the structural separation of ethnic groups, brought by prejudices and the desire to maintain their own subculture and ethnic identity, the American society will experience, conflict, mediocrity and discombobulation (Gordon 1964).Chavez recommends that that all of ethnic minorities in the United States should think of themselves as Americans, no matter where they all come from or what reasons that brought their ancestors in the country. All Americans need to retain the idea that they are one people, not simply an integration of various and competing ethnic groups. Furthermore, the value for immigrant children to understand English than to retain their native language is also necessary to address the complexity of cultural diversity.Going beyond the line where ethnicity and race ar e the key elements that Americans identify themselves or establish loyalty is also needed. Retaining the values and principles that unite Americans must exist rather than their differences in ancestry (Chavez, 2009). The nation can also cope with the steady influx of immigrants by arrangement the concept of culture. Cultures are sets of practices involving codes of communication, habits of interaction, expression of artistic talents, and standards of human behavior that need to be understood by Americans.Furthermore, cultures are interrelated with people because as people change their cultural practices, the entire cultures can and do change (Moya, 2002). Students and teachers can play an important role in helping the nation cope with the growing cultural diversity. They must learn to understand that certain ethnic groups are culturally deprived, while other ethnic groups are culturally rich. It is also important that students and educators must be provided with tools they need to learn the impact of daily interaction on different cultural practices.Understanding the notion of concept of culture will help explain the importance of cultural diversity. Cultures not only can familiarize Americans to the world, but can also be an important form of honorable knowledge (Moya, 2002). References Barvosa-Carter, Edwina. American immigrants in American conflict. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved April 7, 2009, from http//journal. georgetown. edu/72/barvosa. cfm. Bryson, Bethany Paige (2005). Making Multiculturalism Boundaries and Meaning in U. S. Palo Alto, California Stanford University. Chavez, Linda (2009).Multiculturalism is driving us apart. USA Today. Retrieved April 7, 2009, from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mim1272/is_n2612_v124/ai_18274647/ Gordon, Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life The Role of Race, Religion and National Origins. Great Britain Oxford University Press, Inc. Michaelsen, Scott (1999). Limits of Multicultu ralism Interrogating the Origins of American Anthropology. Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota Press. Moya, Paula M. L. (2002).Learning From Experience Minority Identities, Multicultural Struggles. Berkeley, California University of California Press. Park, Robert E. Burgess, Ernest W. (1921). Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago, Il University of Chicago Press. Salins, Peter D. (1997). Assimilation, American style multiculturalism and ethnic relations. Reason. Los Angeles, California Reason Foundation. Thernstrom, Abigail Stephan, Eds. (2002). Beyond the Color line of descent New Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America. Palo Alto, California Hoover Institution Press.

Cell Phones Essay Example for Free

Cell Phones EssayCell screams argon the way of life today. In the US, little kids are carrying around the newest iPhone versions. Closing the digital divide requires studying and learning about the countrys needs and capabilities of upgrading to the digital world. There are countries that are financially unable to bear up under a cellphone phone, but it should be the cell phone companies that should be able to work around different prices for cell phones. For example, in the U.S. the iPhone is taking over and consumers require the latest technologies. As the phones get older, companies should send those phones to less developed countries in an effort to grow the digital market and close the digital divide. As the article mentions, India leads the way with 756 million subscribers, while being a developing country. All it takes is an introduction to the country and cell phones begin to spread like wildfire. They market themselves once introduced in a country at a reasonable pr ice.If the price is too much for a single family to afford, the family batch set goals to attain a cell phone in the future. Either way, cell phones sell themselves. To get a sense of how rapidly cell phones are penetrating the global marketplace, you need only to look at the sales figures. According to statistics from the market database Wireless Intelligence, it took about 20 years for the first billion mobile phones to sell worldwide. The second billion sold in four years, and the third billion sold in two. Eighty share of the worlds population now lives within range of a cellular network, which is double the level in 2000 (Corbett, 2008). In 2008, these statistics show that cell phone market was on a rise. Since iPhones introduction in 2007, the cell phone market has grown even more substantially, especially in the U.S.I can speak for the ever-increasing mobile service in India as even rickshaw drivers who make about 50 rupees (about $1.25) in two hours are carrying a cell p hone. Companies such as Obopay and Moka are transforming the service provider payment plan to pay as to go in various countries. Obopay, for instance, is enabling third-world countries including India to obtain and send payments via text message, while Moka provides language translations, such as English to Chinese . This is a way to close the divide. If a family cannot afford to pay a consistent wage every month for a cell phone, companies such as Obopay are able to provide the pay as you go plan. Families and individuals in India pay as they go, they utilize their cell phones, as they need to, according to how much they are able to afford. Through these payment plans, cell phone companies can sell their phones to a mass audience in large countries like India and China.One company that has millions of customers in third world countries is Nokia. There are accurate chunks of the planet where Nokia has a virtual monopoly because no other manufacturer even wants to compete . With th e iPhone and Android dominating the U.S. market, Nokia has found its niche in third-world countries. The countries where consumers cannot yet afford the newest iPhone are turning to Nokia. They have positioned themselves as 1 ahead of Samsung, Apple, Motorola and anyone else. This is because they saw a market opportunity and are utilizing the need for cell phones around the world. The U.S. whitethorn be looking for new technology, but to the third world countries, simple Nokia phones are new technology.ReferencesCorbett, S. (2008, April 13). Can the Cell Phone Help End spheric Poverty. Retrieved April 18, 2012, from NYTimes http//www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/magazine/13anthropology-t.html?pagewanted=all Openshaw, J. (2009, May 24). Mobile Phones Key To Developing Nations. Retrieved April 18, 2012, from Huffington Post http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/23/mobile-phones-key-to-deve_n_190809.html Raby, M. (2012, January 30). Nokia still top mobile phone maker. Retrieved April 18, 201 2, from TG Daily http//www.tgdaily.com/mobility-brief/61102-nokia-still-top-mobile-phone-maker

Introduction for a Chemistry Essay Example for Free

Introduction for a Chemistry EssayThe average University student has many tasks to accomplish and much studying to do term combating the onslaught of sleep. Students at the University of the West Indies Mona are no different and recommended amongst themselves a highly rated and popular health supplement Yeast-Vite 8.Yeast-Vite is a health supplement contraceptive pill which helps people fight bust and improve alertness. The active ingredients in Yeast-Vite are caffeine, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3. The other ingredients are dried yeast, lactose, powdered cloves, colouring E124, E104, E132, colloidal anhydrous silica, clavus starch, and microcrystalline cellulose. 1Yeast-Vite is a good energy supplier when taken according to the directions. The Manufacturer recommends taking 12 pills in a day 1 to eliminate fatigue and improve concentration. The alert effect can be attributed to Caffeine, a major compound that has been proven to stimulate the central nervous system, he art, muscles, and blood pressure chink centres 2. Each pill contains 50mg of Caffeine according to the label created by the manufacturer. The following structure represents that of caffeine.Though effective, research has shown that the intake of more than 300mg of Caffeine on a daily basis is harmful to the body. Symptoms such as caffeinism, insomnia, irritability, palpitations, Nervous symptoms, upset stomach etc. are experienced and consuming more than 500mg may front death.3 Theoretically, the recommended dosage of Yeast-Vite tablets daily can create such harm, since the suggested daily dosage of up to 12 tablets1 adds up to 600mg if caffeine content of 50mg per tablet holds true.A difficulty exists. The recommended daily dosage of Yeast-Vite contained too much caffeine for the human body. It was hypothesized that the caffeine concentration in Yeast-Vite pills could cause negative health effects and that the manufacturers idea of the caffeine content may be inaccurate.Three an alytical chemistry students decided to test the hypothesis, and over a four week period, conducted the determination of the caffeine content of Yeast-Vite pills using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The researchers expected the actual caffeine content of pills to be 10mg more/less than 50mg of caffeine and to a fault that Vitamins B1, B2 and B3 could cause significant interference.The synopsis was conducted entirely as a group by dissolving pills in water, preparing calibration standards, and determining the concentration of caffeine in the pills via external calibration and standard addition (single spike). High performance liquid chromatography was chosen as the analytical method because caffeine did not fit the criteria for analysis by Gas Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy i.e. caffeines volatility was negligible and it had no metal ions.

Description And Examples Of Genetically Modified Organisms

Description And Examples Of genetically Modified OrganismsGenetically change organism (GMO), organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to party favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products. GMO has long been the practice to breed select individuals of a species to take a leak offspring of the enviable traits. It is used in conventional livestock production, crop farawayming and even pet breeding. In elementtic modification, the mechanism used for creating a transmissibleally modified organism is called the recombinant DNA technique. It involves combining strands of DNA from different sources to create a novel DNA molecule that has a different combination of genes than that, which occurs naturally. in that location be some scientific methods included in producing GMOs, such as recombinant DNA technology and reproductive cloning. Recombinant DNA technology involves the insertion of one or m ore(prenominal) individual genes from an organism of one species into the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of a nonher. On the other hand, reproductive cloning technology generates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent by the transfer of an entire donor nucleus into the enucleated cytoplasm of a host egg. The first animal produced using this cloning technique was a sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. Since then a number of other animals, including pigs, horses, and dogs, halt been generated using reproductive cloning technology.Cisgenic organisms and transgenic organisms are the two classes of genetically modified organisms. Cisgenic organisms are genetically modified organisms that result from the combination of different strands of DNA, which all originates from the same, or very similar, species. The entire DNA used in the process comes from organisms that are very closely related, comm scarce defined as organisms that are able to breed together. Transgenic organisms are genetically modified organisms that include DNA from two different species. Transgenic microorganisms are the most commonly created transgenic organisms. The simple DNA of bacteria lends itself to relatively straightforward recombinant DNA methods.GMOs produced through genetic technologies are playing a very important role in agriculture, medicine, interrogation, and environmental management. Although GMOs put one across benefited human society, some disadvantages exist. Therefore, the production of GMOs remains a highly controversial topic in some countries.2. Examples of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) some(prenominal) of our common crops, such as corn, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, and soybeans, are genetically modified. The majority of these crops were herbicide- kind as well as insect- skanky, while the others may contain increased nutrients such as vitamins, produce yield earlier, or are able to survive weather extremes.Genetically modified tomatoes were introduced t o the market in 1994, becoming the first commercially freehanded transgenic crop. They have longer shelf-life than the average tomatoes as they produces slight of the substance that arrests tomatoes to rot, so remains firm and fresh for a long time.In addition, transgenic corn is resistant to commercial herbicides such as glyphosate or glufosinate. It is also insect resistance by producing a poison, which kills harmful insects. Vitamin-enriched corn contains increased amount of vitamin A, vitamin C and pteroylglutamic acid compared to the normal corn.Another example of GMO is squash. Squash belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family, which includes pumpkins, gourds, zucchini, cucumbers and melons. Genetically modified squash have resistance to the common squash viruses, namely watermelon Mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus.Other than crops, farm animals are also genetically modified to mature in a shorter time period to minimize expenses and increase p rofits for farmers, as well as to be resistant to certain diseases. For example, genetically modified cow is resistant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease).One of the examples of increased harvest-tide rate in genetically modified animals is fish including salmon and carp. One-year-old salmon fish with growth hormone chimeric gene are able to grow as large as 13 times that of the non-transgenic salmons.Other than that, chicken that can produce eggs containing human proteins has been created by British by transferring DNA into the yolk of a fertilized chicken embryo. The proteins can be harvested and purified for treatment of diseases such as six-fold sclerosis or cancer.3. Advantages of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)In order to ensure an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a major challenge in the years to come. GMO can meet this demand due to its special characteristics.Firstly, GMOs are pest resistance. Pests can cause large fi scal loss to the farmer. Pesticides that generally used by farmers are health hazarding and causes pollution. Pest resistance can reduce the use of pesticides. Thus, GMOs is healthier to eat and bring less pollution to the environment.Second, GMOs are herbicide and disease resistance. The control of widows weeds actually is not cost-effective because farmers have to spray large amount of herbicides on the weeds and care has to be taken to avoid the herbicides from harming the crops. Hence, GMOs are more cost-effective and easier to control the weeds and less vex is urgencyed to cope with the diseases caused by viruses, fungus kingdom and bacteria.Thirdly, GMOs are drought tolerance/salinity tolerance. As the world population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers will need to grow crops in locations previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in scandal and grou ndwater will help people to grow crops in formerly less arable places.Next, GMOs have better nutritional value. GMOs are incorporated with other surplus vitamins and minerals. For example, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in third world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of golden rice containing an unusually high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A).Lastly, GMOs are also useful in pharmaceutical field. Medicines and vaccines often are costly to produce and sometimes require special storage conditions not readily available in third world countries. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes. These vaccines will be much easier to ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines.4. Criticism Against Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)There are several concerns that arise despite the advantages of GMO. The three fields of conc ern include environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic concerns.One of the environmental hazards consists of gene transfer to non-targeted species. There is a possibility of genetically modified plants cross breeding with weeds to produce weeds to produce a new genetic strain of weeds known as Superweeds. Next concern is the reduced effectiveness of pesticides. The pesticides strains from GMO might be able to follow up on to pest afterwards consuming GMO thus, causing pest to have the same resistant genes to pesticides. These pests are then termed Superpest.The human health risks also posed a major concern among people. The long-term side effects after consuming GMO are still unknown. There is still the question of whether the genetically modified strains are able to pass on to humans after consuming GMO. People are getting worried that the anti-bacterial strain in the GMO might be passed on to humans and cause a disruption in our immunity against certain types of bac teria. There is a possibility that introducing a new gene may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in prone individuals.In addition, there are also economic concerns involved. The cost involved in research and growing of GMOs are high. Many of these GMOs have been patented. Farmers from the third world countries are worried that the price of the patented GMOs would be raised so high that they would not be able to afford it. Furthermore, patent violation has been a growing concern to agribusinesses. Some companies have introduced suicide gene into plants. Suicide gene only allows plants to be viable for one season and the seeds produced after are sterile. Therefore, farmers have to buy fresh seeds every season and this causes an issue to the farmers from the third world countries.5. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in MalaysiaMalaysia is among the 55 nations in favour of adopting international guidelines on labeling of all genetically modified food. Several genet ically modified crops containing traits of value have been produced at the experimental stage.At the Malaysia Agricultural Research and Development institute, rice has been successfully modified to resist the Tungro virus and papayas manipulated to resist ring-spot virus infection and to have a prolonged shelf life. Other crop such as pineapples is manipulated to resist black heart, bananas and papayas for delayed ripening and chili for virus resistance. Malaysia is also developing genetically engineered oil palm with a focus on increasing value-added products from the palms such as high oleate and high stearate oil, nutraceuticals (vitamin A and vitamin E) biodiesel and bioplastics.Genetically modifying technology has been in introduced to assist the development of animal husbandry. Besides that, Malaysia has released 6,000 genetically modified mosquitoes designed to combat dengue fever at an uninhabited site in the exchange state of Pahang.The biotechnology sector faces a challen ging future with increasing global competition. Malaysian government will, under the ninth Malaysia plan, implemented the strategic lunge of the national biotechnology policy, with the active participation of private sector. With the recognition as the worlds halal hub, and given importance attached to the biotechnology industry, Malaysia is poised to introduced biotechnology products with GM label and halal certification.6. ConclusionIn the future, there would be a wide range of crops that are resistant to pest, diseases, and herbicides. The crops would also be high in nutrition value to suit our body system and could be designed to accommodate whatever type of climate changes. The future of GMO is still yet far to go. GMO is a giant leap in the agricultural sector. It is now up to us to decide on how GMO should be used, whether for the good of mankind or the devastation of us all.

Marketing Sustainable Operation and Development

Marketing Sustainable accomplishment and DevelopmentZhang XiaField of investigateThis look for will be carried turn up in the field of marketing, economic, and written report eatery.Topic of ResearchThe topic of this proposed dissertation is titledThe Marketing Sustainable Operation and development of idea Restaurant in chinawareBrief Literature Review of the TopicAlong with the increasing requirements of customers on dining start outs, theme restaurants fix become a trend in F B service labor. Numerous entrepreneurs and investors atomic number 18 attracted by this new concept and fatality to adventure in this business. It seems that a theme restaurant business will take aim a bright future. However, with only a short term of popularity at the initial stage, to the highest degree of them had to close d witness. Only a few of the theme restaurant manage to sustain in the market, developed their own customer groups and grow rapidly. Based on the previous studies, this th esis attempts to carve out a way of stable operation and sustainable development for theme restaurants from the perspectives of marketing strategic, customer value and merged life cycle through comparison, illustration and analysis. (Ai, D, S, 1997)With rapid economic growth and high standard of living, forage and beverage industry has develop tremendously. Some of the consumers rest to the environment and ambient when they consume the products. Current consumers ar interested not only in buying products but also to have tactile sensationing habit and fulfilling ingests while dining out. Customers prefer to have a unique and distinctive develop under a certain atmosphere that is different from common restaurant. When experience economy encounter restaurant, theme restaurant is born. However, theme restaurant sustainable development not re completelyy optimistic in the marketing. F B industry has been developing for so long but certain restaurant facing big challenge to capt ure the consumers and to sustain in the market. Compared with others, homogeneity is very beneficial in dining business. Theme restaurant conciliates customer active participator instead of passive recipient comes with the tide of fashion.Theme restaurant can be barely defined as a dining place marked with mavin (usually) or more themes found on which all the structure, decoration, design, product, service etc. are created to produce a particular cultural atmosphere that can be recognized and felt by customers. There are three main inclination from searchers of theme restaurants in China. First, the main ideal, this view consider theme as a carrier of operation which is mainly used to attract customers. However the food is still the main concern in the restaurant. Second, the core ideal, the function of theme is created by the need and want of the consumers. They affirm the primary status of theme based on which all the other elements in restaurant will be defined, such as di sh, menu, space design, decoration, color, music, service, marketing strategy and so on. Third is the experience that the customers will feel while dining in the restaurant which the ambiance is different from other restaurant. Emphasizes the unique and memorable worked up experience and psychological experience customers can get from different theme environments, service and cooked food. Researchers turn their sights from suppliers to receivers, from restaurateurs to consumers. (Fu, Y, 2012)Theme restaurants are established on niche market. Each theme restaurant is its own given theme, a specific culture, and a unique style, exclusiveness is more or less inevitable. In addition, the average expenditure is relatively high. As a consequence, the customer source of theme restaurant is much more limited than traditional ones. For example, enthusiasm and curiosity of music lovers are easily sparked by delicate Rock Cafe, but when facing a restaurant with football or sea world theme, th ey may show more calmness and rationality. What they can d fresh is not only delicious food and considerate service, but also a taste of exclusiveness and privilege, a perception of emotional and psychology identification.In 1970, Alvin Toffler came up with experience economy in his book Future Shock. From his view, after product economy and service economy, human being will enter an bring Economy Era. Then Pine, J, B. and Gilmore, J, H confirmed this prediction and further developed Alvins idea by publishing their work Experience Economy in 1999. They described an experience occurs when a company intentionally uses services as the stage, and goods as props, to engage individualistic customers in a way that creates a memorable take downt. Commodities are fungible, goods tangible, services intangible, and experiences memorable. In answer to consumers desire for experience, more and more businesses engage on considering how to design experiences and promote them. The famous Disney Park should be one of the most typical and successful cases of experience economy. Experience is identified as the fourth economic offering that is distinct from service as service is from goods. similar goods and services, experiences have their own distinct qualities and characteristics and present their own design challenges. Five key experiences design principles are summarized by Pine, J, B. and Gilmore, J, HTheme the resembling-to-deliver experience conciliate impressionOffer positive cues and eliminate negative cuesMix in memorabiliaEngage all five sensesExperience is essentially a form of expression where feeling plays an important part. The state of emotions always affects on how an individual deals with surrounding environment. Experiences are not static like products but variable. Experiences occur in a process where interactions take place under a certain setting both physical and virtue surrounded by the individuals. Boswijk, A, Thijssen, T, and Peele, E (2007) desc ribe characteristics from the perspective of individual in A New Perspective on the Experience Economy. Every meaningful experience should satisfy all of these characteristicsThere is a heightened concentration and focus, involving all ones senses.Ones sense of time is altered.One is touched emotionally.The process is unique for the individual and has intrinsic value.There is contact with the raw stuff the real thing.One does something and undergoes something.There is a sense of playfulnessOne has a feeling of having control of the situation.There is a balance between the challenge and ones own capacities.There is a clear goal.Objectives of the researchTheme restaurant concept meet the current consumer demand. When compared with other figure restaurant, theme restaurant has it own advantages and disadvantage. Theme restaurant is a result of catering reform, a symbol of economy developing into a certain travel stage. In the development stage in the market, theme restaurant markets in most major western countries has enter the maturity stage. Theme restaurant had not appeared in domestic market until late 20th century. Apart from few amount, small scale, and limited types, kinds of stubborn defects and unceasing problems are also annoying. Due to some(prenominal) constraint in sustaining theme restaurant such as limited kind of food, not so attractive themes and increasing of overhead , business restaurant owner find it very difficult to manage. Many restaurant close down within a year, part of them survive, and only a few of them make a hit. What makes all the differences? (Tong, J, Q, 2008)From economics rules we should understand every product has its life cycle in market. Ron Paul concludes that the life cycle of theme restaurant is even shorter than expected. Does it mean theme restaurant has high risk to be well operated? Of course not, every industry has its risk, just at different levels. Business enjoying outset risk cannot be guaranteed safe and pr ofitable all the time. Conversely, business facing high risk also can succeed only if equipped with scientific management and adaptive strategies. The truth is that it is impossible to set aside life cycle of one theme restaurant extend infinitely. But it is achievable to make wide-cut use of resources, to optimize structure, rationalize operation, and keep vitality to the maximum.Methodology of ResearchBased on the topic, which is the marketing sustainable operation and development of theme restaurant. I will choose qualitative methodology for the research. Qualitative methodology explanatory effigy which supports the view that there are many truths and multiple realities. This type of paradigm focuses the integral perspective of the person and environment which is more coincident with the nursing discipline (Weaver and Olson, 2006). Additionally, the explanatory paradigm is associated more with methodological approaches that provide an opportunity for the voice, concerns and p ractices of research participants to be heard (Cole, 2006 Weaver and Olson). Cole further argues that qualitative researchers are more concerned about uncovering knowledge about how people feel and think in the circumstances in which they find themselves, than making judgments about whether those thoughts and feelings are valid. Since, Theme restaurant sustainable operation development have different method, depends the specific theme and customer.Literature Research MethodBy collecting and reading pertinent literature, data and material to develop a extensive understanding about related theories and empirical studies including theme restaurants definition, characteristics, defects, history, status quot, future prospects and so on. To summarize its strengths and weaknesses, achievements and challenges. To clear the relationship between theme restaurant and experience economy, culture, and consumer psychology.Case Analysis MethodBy analyzing and interpreting typical successful case s and fail lessons in recent years to find out influencing factors on operating state of theme restaurants in domestic catering market. To extract efficacious and practical suggestions or cautions. To come up with strategies assisting restaurateurs achieve sustainable development and extending life cycle.Interview Survey MethodInterview survey is the most important part of this research. Investigating several representative theme restaurants in China to get first-hand data. To provide supplementary information, exam reliability and feasibility of proposed recommendations.I will design the hearing questions, according to the theory. That are experiences design principles are summarized by Pine, J, B. and Gilmore, J, H, and Boswijk, A, Thijssen, T, and Peele, E, (2007) describe characteristics from the perspective of individual in A New Perspective on the Experience Economy. According to Creswell (2003 2007) includes (a) the preparation for the interview, (b) the constructing effect ive research questions, and (c) the demonstrable implementation of the interview.Preparation for interview McNamara (2009) applies eight main points to the preparation stage of interviewing which includes the following ingredients (1) choose a setting with little distraction (2) explain the objectives of the interview (3) address terms of confidentiality (4) explain the format of the interview (5) indicate how long the interview usually takes (6) tell them how to get in touch with you later if they want to (7) ask them if they have any questions before you both get started with the interview and (8) dont count on your memory to recall their answers (Preparation for Interview section, para. Selecting participants Creswell (2007) discusses the importance of selecting the appropriate candidates for interviews. In my research I will choose the theme restaurant owners to do interview. At same time, the owners of normal restaurant also important for my research.The research questions de signing for the interview process is one of the most crucial elements to interview design. I desiring to conduct such an investigation should be careful that each of the questions will allow the examiner to dig deep into the experiences or knowledge of the participants in order to gain more data from the interviews. There are several recommendations for creating effective research questions for interviews which includes the following elements Wording should be open-ended, respondents should be able to choose their own terms when answering questions. Questions should be as neutral as possible, avoid formulate that might influence answers, e.g., evocative, judgmental wording. Questions should be asked one at a time. Questions should be worded clearly, this includes knowing any terms particular to the program or the respondents culture. And be careful asking why questions. (McNamara, 2009)As with other sections of interview design, some recommendations for the implementation stage of the interview process.It includes the following tips for interview implementation occasionally maintain the tape recorder is working. Ask one question at a time. Attempt to remain as neutral as possible, dont show strong emotional reactions to their responses. Encourage responses with occasional nods of the head, uh huhs, etc.. Be careful about the appearance when note taking (that is, if you jump to take a note, it may appear as if youre surprise or very pleased about an answer, which may influence answers to future questions). Provide transition between major topics, e.g., weve been talking about (some topic) and now Id like to move on to (another topic) Dont lose control of the interview (this can occur when respondents stray to another topic, take so long to answer a question that times begins to run out, or even begin asking questions to the interviewer) (Turner, D, W, 2010)Work ScheduleSample ChecklistMonthRefine topic with tutors1, 2Create a work schedule2Review the literatu re3, 4, 5Select analytical method6Draft proposal7,8Pilot test methodology9Schedule data collection, begin collection10, 11, 12Data entering into SPSS13Analyze and interpret the data14Update literature review15Write conclusions and implications16Submit the research draft to tutors17Schedule, prepare for and take oral exam18BibliographyAi, D, S(1997), The Enterprise manners Cycle M. China Social Sciences PressBoswijk, A, Thijssen, T, and Peele, E, (2007), A New Prospective on Experience Economy, Pearson Education.Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA clear-sightedCreswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry research design Choosing among five approaches, (2nd ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA SageFu, Y. (2012),Theme Restaurants the Problems Existing in the Management and Development Strategy in China , Business Culture diary, pp04.Hsieh, T, F, (2009), Interactive Quality Control of Service Encounters in Theme Restau rants, Taiwan, The Journal of Global Business Issues Volume 3 Issue 2McNamara, C. (2009). General guidelines for conducting interviews. Retrieved January 11, 2010, from http//managementhelp.org/evaluatn/intrview.htmPine, J, B. and Gilmore, J, H. (1999), The Experience Economy, Harvard Business School Press, BostonShi, L, Y, Du, X, J Yang, J, J, (2012), Innovative theme restaurant business analysis and development model to explore the advantages and disadvantages , Journal of Business in China (12)Tong, J, Q, (2008). Themed Restaurant Management Situation and Development Trend of the China , Modernization Journal, pp22Turner, D, W, (2010), Qualitative Interview Design A hard-nosed Guide for Novice Investigators, The Qualitative Report Volume 15 Number, Florida USAWeaver, K., Olson, J. K. (2006). Understanding paradigms used for nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(4), 459-469Weiss, R, Feinstein, A, H, Dalbor, M, (2004), Customer Satisfaction of Theme Restaurant Attri butes and Their Influence on Return Intent, Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Vol. 7(1), The Haworth Press, Inc.Zhang Xia

Reggio Emilia Approach Analysis

Reggio Emilia come up AnalysisChildren argon explorers and love to investigate what is deprivation on around them. Imagine if their whole day was spent in an environment with beauty formed by their let creativity? Having the opportunity to philander with natural and open ended materials of their own interests, guidance from educators to construct their accomplishment and thinking on exciting topics, and most weightyly having their families be greatly knotted in their day, the instructing outcomes of each squirt would be concrete and long lasting. These argon the kinds of opportunities provided by educators from the Reggio Emilia Approach, set in motion by researcher and teacher Loris Malguzzi. creativeness seems to emerge from multiple experiences, coupled with a well-supported development of personal resources, including a sense of freedom to venture beyond the known (Loris Malaguzzi, The Hundred Languages of Children, ch. 3, by Carolyn Edwards (1993).This taste will be discussing what the Reggio Emilia Approach is, and which constructivist theories influence the Reggio Emilia political program. It will also uncover the curriculum elements and key schedule used in the come near and lastly how its approach supports the six principles of the pick out history used in Ontario. The topics discussed in this paper will be based on the research found in the book Authentic Childhood Experiencing Reggio Emilia in the Classroom by Susan Fraser and also online sources. First of all, what is the Reggio Emilia Approach? This question arises amongst many good deal like, researchers in sister studies, p bents looking for youngstercargon, educators looking to work, the government when looking to see statistics to see what curriculum model has a successful outcome of quality childcare and many more persons who are interested in what incompatible childcare approaches provide. In relation to this, the Reggio Emilia Approach was found by an early study spec ialist from a town in North Italy called Reggio Emilia his name was Loris Malaguzzi (1920-1994). Malaguzzis vision attracts the world through his short-change and project based curriculum, children play and educators hap their play into projects that interest them.The approach is a combination of principles that build the child centred environment and curriculum. Collaboration is when every adept works together and includes parents, educators, communities and the children the image of the child-conceptualizing an image of the child as competent, inventive, and full of ideas (Fraser, 2000, Page 8). The environment is known as the third teacher as it is on the lookoutly set up by educators to challenge the childs curiosity and reading. Documenting is a display of what the childs experiences are shown through language and creativity. Provocation is when educators listen conservatively to what the children are saying and pull ahead guide the thoughts and accomplishments. Plans and investigations are also made by every integrity involved, which is known as progettazione. A unique principle found in the Reggio Emilia approach is the one hundred languages of children which means that the children use many different resources and materials to make symbolic representations of ideas that may arise (Fraser, 2000, Page 8). The principles from the Reggio Emilia Approach also include uninterrupted play. As a whole it is an exciting learning environment for the children, educators and parents all co-learning together.As a consequence point, lets discuss which theories influence the Reggio Emilia curriculum. For instance in a Montessori school the philosophy will be of Maria Montessori and the day will be aforethought(ip) out using didactic materials and sequential steps based on her research on child studies. The Reggio Emilia Approach is not just based on one philosophy like the Montessori but it is actually based on a trope of different philosophers. including Jea n Piagets theory for the sequences of cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky theory for the social aspects of learning and the importance of play, Jean Deweys theory for the role of play, human nature and viewing the child in the context of the family and society (Fraser,2000, Page14), Hugh Gardiners theory of multiple intelligences, Urie Bronfenbrenners theory on the environment, Barbara Bibers theory included collaboration and positive egotism image, and on that point may be more. As a pass on of having so many philosophies combined in the Reggio Emilia Approach, it is known to be a model, focusing on the whole child, development, environment, play, family involvement, self image controlled by educators really understanding how to guide children to express their feelings, and how children use their multiple intelligence and symbolic language.The third topic this paper is addressing, what are the curriculum elements and key programming used in Reggio Emilia Schools? Curriculum is w hat the children learn from and the experiences they set about when being cared for in a child care centre. Key programming is the goals and schedules that a school may have.Traditionally a lot of early childcare centres would plan what toys and activities the children would play with and then help and teach the children how to use them or how to do an activity and then a report may be written to show parents how the child is getting along agree to the childs development stage.In the Reggio Emilia Approach the curriculum is very different to traditional teacher taught curriculums. It is planned by what the children are interested in while playing and act in activities of their choice.Assessment is used to plan what to do in the classroom based on a childs interests. Its role in the project process is to learn the childrens behaviours, to discover childrens interests, to revisit projects with the children, to gain knowledge on the childrens capabilities and as a tool to study chil dren. The Reggio Approach suggests that by assessing projects over and over again, children understand their own questions. It also stresses that parents, children and educators are co-learners.Additionally the rationale for educators is to assess alongside the children. Educators facilitate rather than directing the children. Educators assess by observing and stepping in or stepping back up whenever they need to. They also ask important questions that challenge the children to cipher things out by their own curiosity.Documentation is also used to plan the Reggio Approach. Here there are many different methods of documentation from simple note form to the more sophisticated electronic equipment, such as digital cameras, webs, audio recorders, and moving-picture show recorders (Fraser, 2000, Page 83) depending on what kind of observations are being made. The different observational techniques are running records which are the method used more often, time sampling, machination dis plays, event sampling, anecdotal records, tape recording, sequences of photographs, displays of projects, and video tapes. In the Reggio Approach documentation is used as soon as something happens, The diary of Laura a diary taken from a Reggio Centre in Italy states that teachers work closely with the children taking notes, recording observations they think have meaning toward the learning of that child.Documentation is done when demand theres not only specific timings, notes prat be taken at any time, Documentation is done to further assessment and planning towards projects that children want to start or are already working towards.The Reggio Emilia Approach does not have an organized planned curriculum it is actually very spontaneous and is built according to individual or group interests of the children. To emphasize that the curriculum is spontaneous and is planned on the interest of the children educators use different methods of observations at any time. There are many way s to observe in the Reggio Approach. Note taking is one way to observe, they also use diaries to write reflections on observations, photography, videos, audio, written, watching play and careful listening to conversations. Parental observations are taken at home and noted. The rationale for the parent assessments are that they know their children best and children are carefully discovered on how the environment is used. The Reggio Emilia Approach suggests that children speak one hundred symbolic languages and they use observations to determine and understand what these languages are. To clarify, observations are used for assessment, documentation, planning and go throughing the curriculum. With this in point the educators role is to guide the natural curiosity and learning of the children, and the environment is known as the third teacher. The children are little researchers. They can and want to communicate with the touch world (Reggio Emilia Philosophy, www.education.com).Ther e are many ingredients that have to be taken into account when it comes to the role of observations and implementing. The decision to carry out observations is usually the result of a question that has arisen almost a child or a group of children and their behaviour or activities in the centre. (Fraser, 2000, Page 81) Similarly, other factors have important roles in implementing the learning process, for example time is important. Children need lots of time to work on ongoing projects. In the Reggio Emilia Approach there are no time limits on projects. Children work on projects as long as they are still interested. Space and layout is carefully set up for melodramatic play, wet play, block play, physical and manipulation, art and creativity, outdoor play, and quiet time area. This encourages social skills, problem solving skills, making personal choices and team work methods. Teachers carefully organize spaces for small and large group projects and small intimate spaces for one, two and three children. (About Reggio Emilia philosophy, www.education.com) The environment is made to look beautiful and inviting.Another factor in implementing the curriculum process is that the resources that are provided by the educator, another important role of the educator. Materials are carefully chosen they can be natural materials, toys, games, water play, creative materials, open ended materials, blocks, puzzles, books, sand toys, or even dress up clothes for dramatic play. Children use the materials so they can play and further their learning. To manipulate and start the process of projects the educators use positive language and encouragement to help children learn how to express their emotions.Educators plan team meetings to discuss the observations and planning. Parents are incessantly welcome to join or help make decisions. Meetings are used to plan what materials need to be taken out, how the environment should be set up, what is needed for projects that are emerg ing and also what things need to be changed.The Reggio Emilia Approach is very similar to the emergent curriculum. A lot of the factors used in Reggio are used in the emergent curriculum, but the emergent curriculum emphasizes development and interest and Reggio emphasizes on interest.The final point to discuss in this paper is about how the Reggio Emilia Approach uses all six principles of the ELECT document.In the Reggio Emilia Approach there is a link to the first principle of the ELECT document which is Early child development sets the foundation for lifelong learning, behavior and health An example of this is that diaries are shown to parents, each project is based on being child centered and play based which means that it has to be developmentally appropriate, each assessment is done to figure out the interests of the child and each child is observed to their own developmental stage and long term projects are used so educators can see how children are growing and are developin g their learning. alike there are various philosophies used in the Reggio Approach one in particular connect to the different stages and sequences of development are the philosophy of Piaget.The second principle of the ELECT document is Partnerships with families and communities strengthen the ability of early childhood settings to meet the needs of children. The link to the Reggio Emilia Approach to the second principle are that parents work as co learners with educators and children in the Reggio Emilia approach and photographs are displayed around the centre for the children to have a reminder of home.The third principle of the ELECT document is Respect for diversity, equity and inclusion are prerequisites for honoring childrens rights, optimal development and learning. The next link to The Reggio Emilia Approach is parents are important, one influence is the philosophy of Bronfenbrenner, everyone involved -children, parents and teacher pay an integral part in what is known as the circle of we (Fraser, page.102) Reggio centres respect and support families, cultures and all various(a) situations, in addition to this, the Approach also brings families together, learning about the different families, cultures, food and dressing up.The fourth principle of the ELECT document is A planned curriculum supports early learning. This principle is met by the projects that take place in the Reggio schools, projects are worked on in depth and detail, the child centered approach and childrens interest plan the curriculum. The Reggio Emilia Approach can be defined therefore as contextual, that is, it is determined by the dialogue among children, teachers and the environment surrounding them (The Reggio Emilia Approach Truly listening to young children, www.oecd.org).The fifth principle is Play is a means to early learning that capitalizes on childrens natural curiosity and exuberance, this principle is linked to the Reggio Emilia Approach The Reggio Approach is play ba sed and has the same philosophy to the ELECT and the Emergent which is that children learn and grow through different types of play.The word play is not a frequently used word in The Reggio Approach, although as seen above, spontaneous play and play valued as meaningful learning figure among the goals for learning and development. (The Reggio Emilia Approach Truly listening to young children, www.oecd.org), in addition to this the Reggio Emilia Approach also states that play is used to depict hundred different languages through symbolic languages.The last principle, principle six is Knowledgeable, responsive early childhood professionals are essential. This principle is also linked to Reggio Emilias Approach, as Reggio Centers have teachers with extensive staff development teachers make goals for them self and teachers also learn alongside the children enhancing their understanding of children. Another example of this principle is that the educators of Reggio schools sometimes are not qualified but learn from the other teachers and through each daily experience with the children.In conclusion to this paper it shows that it can take a form of philosophys to create a high quality model, and that not just one philosophy is better than another, but each philosophy actually compliments one another, similarly it proves that children dont necessarily need to be taught by a teacher but can learn by having the opportunity to construct their own learning through a child centered approach. In addition this paper also shows that the role of play, culture, parents, educators, the environment, observations, assessment, documentation, and planning are all very important to implement a childs learning to make up a model like the Reggio Emilia Approach. Finally this paper proves that the Reggio Emilia Approach follows an emergent curriculum that can link to all six principles of the framework provided by the ELECT document.